E/CN.4/2005/88/Add.2 page 11 32. The violence and insecurity have also led to mass displacements in the conflict zones, a phenomenon that, according to the Ombudsman, is the clearest indication of the systematic flouting of international humanitarian law by the armed groups. Though there are no precise figures, in the areas visited by the Special Rapporteur there are said to be thousands of displaced indigenous people in the departments of Putumayo, Cauca and César, among others. 33. It is estimated that 12 per cent of Colombia’s displaced people are indigenous. According to the Centre for Indigenous Cooperation (CECOIN), there were 128 incidents of mass displacement of indigenous people in at least 63 municipalities between 1995 and 2003, affecting 28,000 people, while 12,650 indigenous people were displaced under pressure from the armed groups in 2002. According to the Association of Cabildos of the Nasa People of Putumay, those displaced by the violence include more than 380 families and more than 78 widows who are heads of household. 34. Forced displacements have swelled the flows of Colombian indigenous refugees into neighbouring countries such as Brazil, Ecuador, Panama, Peru and Venezuela. A number of shocking human rights violations have been reported, including an incursion by paramilitaries into Panama in March 2003, which left several indigenous refugees dead. 35. The situation of displaced people is particularly dire in certain urban areas, including Bogotá. The mayor of Valledupar informed the Special Rapporteur that there are high rates of malnutrition among displaced indigenous people, and even cases of children dying of hunger. The municipality does not have the resources to meet all the needs of the displaced indigenous population. Women heads of household and children suffer the worst consequences of involuntary displacement; many of the women resort to begging and a large number of the children live in the street. Yet, without reliable records, it is difficult to channel humanitarian aid appropriately. 36. The Social Solidarity Network of the Office of the President applies the Directive on Comprehensive Care for the Displaced Indigenous Population, the purpose of which is to provide protection and assistance to displaced indigenous people and facilitate their return or reintegration. It also supports socio-economic and environmental protection measures as part of an agreement signed with the World Food Programme. All the signs are, however, that effective help has thus far reached only a part of the displaced indigenous population. Despite all efforts, the problem of internal displacement in Colombia remains serious, and is compounded by the lack of accurate information on ethnic groups. As the Representative of the Secretary-General on internally displaced persons, Mr. Francis Deng, suggested after his visit to Colombia in 2000, a system of special measures to protect against the displacement of indigenous communities is needed. 37. The violence is also reflected in the numbers of forced disappearances of indigenous leaders and representatives. In the Sierra Nevada, 44 forced disappearances, 166 extrajudicial executions, 92 cases of torture and 52 kidnappings were reported between 1998 and 2002; two massacres in 2002, in which 12 indigenous Wiwa were killed, resulted in the forced displacement of 1,300 indigenous people and 300 others from the communities of Sabana Grande, Potrerito, El Machín and Marocaso.