E/CN.4/2005/88/Add.2 page 10 The Embera-Katio people of Alto Sinú have been subjected to murder, forced disappearances and displacements, intimidation and destruction of their property because of their opposition to the construction of the Urrá hydroelectric dam on their land. The precautionary measures called for on their behalf by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights have still not been implemented. The indigenous authorities of Tolima have applied to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights for precautionary measures following a wave of murders, disappearances and mass displacements of indigenous Pijao as a result of the armed conflict. The Embera-Chami people of the department of Caldas have provided the Special Rapporteur with a detailed list of all the indigenous people murdered since 1998. 30. Investigations show that the majority of these atrocities are attributable to AUC, to a lesser extent to FARC and ELN, and in some cases to the Colombian armed forces. In the Amazon region, the majority of murders of indigenous people are alleged to be the work of AUC (36.7 per cent), FARC (34.3 per cent) and the armed forces (4.8 per cent). In Sierra Nevada, the home of the Kogui, Kankuamo, Arhuaco and Wiwa peoples, the violation of the right to life most often takes the form of massacres or multiple or individual selective killings - tantamount to extrajudicial executions - notably by AUC. 31. On the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, an area visited by the Special Rapporteur, the Kankuamo people (3,000 families, 13,000 people and 12 communities), who live inside the “black line” which marks the traditional boundary of their territory, are now in the process of reclaiming their indigenous identity. Their lands have been recognized, but no reserve has yet been established. Guerrilla groups started arriving in the 1980s and AUC set up a base there in the 1990s, with the result that the number of kidnappings and murders escalated to a level far above the rural and regional average, particularly from 1998 onwards. It was then that the massacres of indigenous people, the mass displacements, the blockades and the forced confinement of communities to their villages began. More than 300 families are reportedly still displaced as a result of attacks and threats of various kinds. The accounts given to the Special Rapporteur testified to the continued ethnic cleansing, genocide and ethnocide of the Kankuamo people despite the protective and precautionary measures requested by the Ombudsman and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and several urgent appeals by a number of special mechanisms of the Commission on Human Rights. The Arhuaco people, who oppose the presence of armed groups on their territory, are fighting for the restoration of a “brotherhood zone” and for respect for their human and collective rights. The Special Rapporteur has received reports of violations such as food restrictions, non-respect for traditional authorities, selective killings, forced recruitment of young people, bombing of villages and other abuses. One issue of particular concern is the impact of the conflict on the lives of the Arhuaco women, who have documented for the Special Rapporteur the violence, threats and sexual abuse to which they are subjected. Lastly, Arhuaco leaders and representatives have expressed their opposition to the establishment of a non-indigenous township on their ancestral lands, the construction of the Los Besotes dam and the occupation by the Colombian army of the Cerro Inarwa, a spiritual site sacred to the Arhuaco people.