A/HRC/28/64 information and ideas via social media networks, discussion groups, listservs and communities of interest.30 77. The anonymity of the Internet poses particular challenges when it comes to tracking and prosecuting the authors of content that might incite hatred and violence. Material can be shared worldwide and hosted by Internet service providers (ISPs) subject to various legislations with diverse degrees of protection against hate speech. Racist hate websites are commonly hosted in jurisdictions considered favourable to or tolerant of hate speech and can easily relocate to another permissive jurisdiction if blocked or banned. 78. Given that social media platforms are mostly self-regulating and therefore dependent on reporting by users of material perceived as hateful or harmful, their content can be accessible until it is ultimately flagged by community members as material contravening the site’s guidelines. In addition to legislative and jurisdictional challenges, there are technical difficulties involved in removing hate-inciting material from the Internet. 79. Online media and communication platforms make it easier for extremist groups to organize themselves, even transnationally. In Europe, anti-immigrant populist radical-right political parties increased their representation in the European Parliament from only 8 per cent in 2009 to close to 15 per cent in the 2014 election. This rise of ethno-nationalist rightwing parties is also a consequence of the trend towards less extreme “hate” language and more sophisticated and “moderate” manifestations of far-right messages which appeal to a wider group of voters, resulting in their having a bigger impact on mainstream society.31 V. Good practices for addressing and responding to hate speech and incitement to hatred in the media 80. Despite the countless examples of hate speech and incitement to hatred against minorities in the media today, there are also many measures and initiatives involving and implemented by the media to contest hateful speech and incitement to hatred, and counter its pernicious effects. A. Education and media literacy 81. Human rights education as well as education for respect of diversity is of paramount importance to fostering a tolerant society, but is not sufficient: it must be complemented by education on the responsible use of the Internet and social media by citizens, particularly children and young people, so as to counter hate speech exposure and minimize other risks, such as cyberbullying. Several relevant initiatives to promote media literacy are led by States, international organizations and civil society, such as those presented below. 82. In 2012, the Council of Europe launched the “No hate speech movement”,32 a campaign directed towards youth with the objective of combating online hate speech in all its forms. The campaign is part of the project “Young People Combating Hate Speech 30 31 32 Tarlach McGonagle, “The Council of Europe against online hate speech: Conundrums and challenges”, Expert paper, MCM(2013)005, Council of Europe Conference of Ministers responsible for Media and Information Society, Belgrade, 7 and 8 November 2013. Available from www.ivir.nl/publicaties/download/1088. Catherine Fieschi, Marley Morris, Lila Caballero, eds.,Populist fantasies: European revolts in context (U.K., Counterpoint, 2013). Available from http://counterpoint.uk.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/10/Populist-Fantasies-European-revolts-in-context.pdf. See www.nohatespeechmovement.org/. 17