A/CONF.189/PC.2/22 page 48 85 The section of the above-mentioned General Comment No. 13 relating to the obligations of States is particularly vague: “States parties are required to ensure that curricula, for all levels of the educational system, are directed to the objectives identified in article 13 (1). They are also obliged to establish and maintain a transparent and effective system which monitors whether or not education is, in fact, directed to the educational objectives set out in article 13 (1)” (E/C.12/1999/10, para. 49). 86 It has proved impossible to adopt a draft optional protocol to allow for communications and the consideration of complaints by the Committee; in this connection, see E/CN.4/1997/105. 87 See, for example, the cases Carl Henrik Blom v. Sweden and Waldman v. Canada cited in notes 43 and 44, as well as the Human Rights Committee’s General Comment No. 18, paragraph 12, on article 26, of the Covenant cited in note 79 (in fine). 88 See chapter III of this study. 89 Discrimination regarding access to and the content of education, or discrimination resulting from violation of obligations concerning respect for and protection and realization of the right to education. On the latter classification, see Chapman and Russel, op. cit. (note 80 in fine), para. 17; see also Mehedi, “The realization of the right to education” (E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/10, para. 14). 90 Of course, as we have indicated, the author of a violation by act or omission is not always the State; it may, for instance, be the education authorities in the private educational system, or the child’s parents or guardians; but it is the State that is ultimately responsible for its educational system’s compliance with its international obligations. 91 See Beetson, op. cit. (note 18), pp. 8 to 10 of the French text, para. 5. 92 See, on a Ministry of Education of Quebec Web site, “Accommodating religious and cultural diversity in the school (http://www.meq.gouv.qc.ca/dscc/sup8-la.htm; case 1). 93 Ibid, case 6 concerning allegations by Catholic parents from Latin America objecting on grounds of cultural particularity. 94 See articles 3 and 18 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child; see also addendum 1 to the report by Katarina Tomaševski (E/CN.4/2000/6/Add.1, para. 87). 95 See, on a Ministry of Education of Quebec Web site, “Accommodating religious and cultural diversity in the school” (http://www.meq.gouv.qc.ca/dscc/sup8-la.htm, case 8). 96 UNESCOPRESS On-line, No. 98-161, 28 July 1998, cited by Jonathan A. Kusi, “La compétence de l’UNESCO en matìere des droits de l’homme: Réflexions critiques sur quelques problèmes spécifiques”, in Les droits de l’homme à l’aube du XXIème siècle, Karel Vasak Amicorum Liber, Bruylant, Bruxelles, 1999, p. 621.