YA§A e.V. Juan Enalo The Kurdish Center for Studies and legal Consultancy- YASA Kurdish Centre for Legal Studies and Consultancy Kurdisches Zentrum für juristische Studien und Beratungen Due to the civil war in Syria, we have to talk about the situation of Navenda kurdî Kurds in Syria before the war and during the war and about the perji bo lêkolîn û rawêjkarîya yasayî spectives of the Kurds and other minorities in the postwar period. Prior to the Syrian civil war, Kurds in Syria faced various challenges, ‫المركز الكردي للدراسات‬ including political marginalization and restrictions on civil, cultural ‫واالستشارات القانونية‬ and linguistic rights. The Ba'athist government, led by the Al-Assad YASA e.V. family, adopted an Arab nationalist ideology that often marginalized Postfach 7624 53076 Bonn ethnic and cultural minorities. The Syrian civil war, which began in 2011, further complicated the www.yasa-online.org situation for Kurds. As the conflict escalated, various factions and armed groups emerged, leading to a complex and multi-sided war. The vacuum of power allowed the Kurds to establish control in some predominantly Kurdish areas and they played a crucial role in the conflict, often collaborating with the United States in the fight against the Islamic State (ISIS). However, this collaboration created tensions with Turkey, which is against any Kurdish administration or autonomy in the Middle East. Due to Article 1 Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities, which was adopted on 18 December 1992: States shall protect the existence and the national or ethnic, cultural, religious and linguistic identity of minorities within their respective territories and shall encourage conditions for the promotion of that identity. The Syrian government keeps its old position from the Kurds and their rights. Even the opposition, which claimed to stay for dignity, human rights, and coexistence, did not respect the rights of the Kurds as people and reduced them theoretically to simple individual rights and not group or minority rights, avoiding with this position to recognize the Kurds as such and guarantee their rights in Syria. The situation became worse, when the opposition represented by the Syrian Coalition, supported Turkey and the Islamic armed groups to occupy Afrin, Serê Kaniya, and Girê Sipî. Kurds are being tortured, arrested, and forced to leave their home and lands and displaced by force. The number of Kurds in the Region of Afrin went down to around 30% of its population after it was more than 95% before the Turkish occupation. Our report Cultivating Chaos after Operation Olive Branch, which we have published in 2020 and the second report, Afrin after operation Olive-Branch: An update on the situa-