PROTECTING MINORITY RIGHTS – A Practical Guide to Developing Comprehensive Anti-Discrimination Legislation
B.. Positive action.......................................................................................................................56
1.. Obligation to adopt positive action measures.....................................................................58
2.. Purpose and scope of positive action measures...................................................................59
3.. Principles for the operation of positive action....................................................................62
4.. Positive action under comprehensive anti-discrimination law..............................................65
C.. Equality duties .....................................................................................................................66
1. .Accessibility.....................................................................................................................66
2.. Statutory equality duties...................................................................................................69
3.. Ensuring the effectiveness of equality duties.......................................................................73
II..REMEDY......................................................................................................................................... 75
A.. Remedies in different branches of law....................................................................................77
B.. Sanction: bringing perpetrators to justice................................................................................78
C.. Reparation: recognition, compensation and restitution...........................................................80
D. .Institutional and societal remedies..........................................................................................81
1.. Institutional remedies.......................................................................................................82
2.. Societal remedies..............................................................................................................83
III.. JUSTICE AND ENFORCEMENT........................................................................................................ 87
A.. Access to justice and legal procedure......................................................................................88
1.. Requirements of access to justice.......................................................................................88
B.. Evidence and proof................................................................................................................93
1.. Burden of proof................................................................................................................94
2.. Exceptions to the rule.......................................................................................................95
3..Evidence..........................................................................................................................96
C. .International justice mechanisms ...........................................................................................97
1.. Individual complaints mechanisms....................................................................................97
2.. Complainants, respondents and procedure........................................................................98
IV.. EQUALITY BODIES....................................................................................................................... 101
A.. Equality bodies and international law..................................................................................102
B.. Institutional requirements for equality bodies.......................................................................103
1..Independence.................................................................................................................103
2.. Adequate resourcing.......................................................................................................104
3.. Inclusion, participation and ensuring diversity.................................................................105
4.. Access to equality bodies................................................................................................106
C.. Mandates, functions and powers of equality bodies..............................................................107
1.. Promotion and prevention..............................................................................................109
2.. Support and litigation.....................................................................................................111
3.. Decision-making and enforcement...................................................................................111
D.. Ensuring the effectiveness of equality bodies.........................................................................113
V.. IMPLEMENTATION OBLIGATIONS................................................................................................ 115
A.. Equality policies and strategies.............................................................................................116
B.. Equality impact assessment..................................................................................................117
C.. Monitoring and data...........................................................................................................119
D.. Consultation, engagement and participation.........................................................................120
iv