CONTENTS
FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...............................................................................................................ix
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.................................................................................................................. x
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................ xx
I.. METHODOLOGY, SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS.............................................................................. xxvii
A.. Research process and methodology.................................................................................... xxvii
B.. Oversight and guidance.................................................................................................... xxviii
C..Approach......................................................................................................................... xxviii
D.. Scope and limitations.........................................................................................................xxix
II.. HOW TO USE THE GUIDE........................................................................................................... xxix
A.. Structure of the guide.........................................................................................................xxix
B.. Structure of the sections.......................................................................................................xxx
PART ONE: STATE OBLIGATIONS TO ENACT COMPREHENSIVE
ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAW........................................................................................ xxxii
I.. CONSENSUS ON THE NEED TO ADOPT COMPREHENSIVE ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAW................ 1
A.. The international human rights law framework....................................................................... 1
B.. Obligations to respect, protect and fulfil.................................................................................. 2
C.. United Nations human rights instruments and their interpretation........................................... 4
II.. CHARTER BODIES AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL PROCESSES......................................................... 6
A.. United Nations special procedure mandate holders.................................................................. 6
B.. Universal periodic review........................................................................................................ 6
C.. Other international processes.................................................................................................. 7
III.. REGIONAL AND NATIONAL LAW DEVELOPMENTS......................................................................... 8
A..Africa.................................................................................................................................... 8
B.. The Americas........................................................................................................................10
C..Europe..................................................................................................................................11
D.. Other national law developments...........................................................................................13
IV..CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................ 15
PART TWO: CONTENT OF COMPREHENSIVE ANTI-DISCRIMINATION LAW..... 16
I.. RIGHTS TO EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION..................................................................... 17
A.. Prohibition of discrimination.................................................................................................17
1.. Personal scope of the right to non-discrimination...............................................................19
2.. Forms of discrimination....................................................................................................29
3.. Material scope of the right to non-discrimination..............................................................47
4..Justifications.....................................................................................................................51
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