A/HRC/32/50 violations against members of such groups occur widely in the context of discriminatory, xenophobic and racist practices”.28 Member States also highlighted the continuing vulnerability of Africans and people of African descent, Asians and people of Asian descent, and indigenous peoples, to xenophobia and related intolerance. Indeed, xenophobia is also often conditioned by other forms of bias and hierarchy, meaning that its targets will often include those labelled outsiders for expressing particular gender characteristics, working in certain economic sectors, falling within an age or income range, or holding distinct religious beliefs. The contemporary rise of anti-Muslim sentiment in various regions around the world highlights the vulnerability of religious minorities in communities where they are socially or politically constructed as outsiders. In that regard, one could also underscore the historical and lingering anti-Semitism in some parts of Europe. 34. Victims of xenophobia and xenophobic discrimination are targeted on account of their actual or perceived status as foreigners. Individuals or groups may be targeted as foreign on account of the multiple and intersecting categories of race, colour, ethnicity, religion, national origin, lineage, nationality, sex, gender, sexual orientation, social class and language, among others. Thus, many manifestations of xenophobic discrimination are proscribed under existing international, regional and national law prohibiting discrimination on these multiple and intersecting grounds. Although existing international and regional human rights law may not use the term “xenophobic discrimination”, it applies to that form of discrimination where those who are considered “foreigners” or “outsiders” are targeted on the basis of the prohibited grounds of discrimination. The applicable frameworks discussed below apply to direct and indirect forms of discrimination, and in some cases to discriminatory structures that unlawfully exclude non-nationals and other minorities that are often subjected to xenophobia including Islamophobia, anti-Semitism, Christianophobia, Romaphobia, Afrophobia and other forms of related intolerance. 35. Frameworks for combating xenophobia and xenophobic discrimination should be implemented bearing in mind the vulnerability of the groups concerned. While States should carefully monitor incidents of discrimination against a wide range of potentially vulnerable groups — inter alia, ethnic or religious minorities, migrants and refugees — the responses to such discrimination should be designed and implemented in a manner that does not turn difference into additional fuel for further abuse and into a foundation for more vulnerability.” As a concrete example of such adverse effects, the European Commission against Racism and Intolerance noted in its 2014 annual report that in some countries, legislation against hate speech had been disproportionately used against the historical ethnic and religious minorities that it was supposed to protect. C. Trends and manifestations 36. The movement of millions of people due to conflict and persecution but also to search for better economic and social opportunities has transformed a large number of societies across the globe. According to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, there are now close to 244 million people living outside their country of citizenship, representing a 41 per cent increase since 2000. 37. With migration, an exacerbation of long-standing divides around, inter alia, race, ethnicity, religion, cultural identities and geographic origins has been observed. These tensions have often led to discrimination, including xenophobic discrimination, and at times to conflicts. 28 Ibid, para. 16. 11