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disability, age, class, caste or other factors. Such multiple discrimination may affect these
groups of women primarily, or to a different degree or in different ways than men. States
parties may need to take specific temporary special measures to eliminate such multiple
discrimination against women and its compounded negative impact on them”.
In General recommendation No. 27 on older women and protection of their human rights, adopted in
2010, the Committee again addressed multiple discrimination and stated that discrimination
experienced by older women is often multidimensional, with the age factor compounding other forms of
discrimination based on gender, ethnic origin, disability, poverty levels, sexual orientation and gender
identity, migrant status, marital and family status, literacy and other grounds. It stressed that older
women who are members of minority, ethnic or indigenous groups, internally displaced or stateless
often experience a disproportionate degree of discrimination.
In order to support legal reform and policy formulation, it recommended that States parties collect,
analyse and disseminate data disaggregated by age and sex, so as to have information on the situation
of older women, including those belonging to minority groups and that such data should especially
focus, among other issues, on poverty, illiteracy, violence, unpaid work, including care-giving to those
living with or affected by HIV/AIDS, migration, access to health care, housing, social and economic
benefits and employment. It also recommended that States parties adopt special programmes tailored
to the physical, mental, emotional and health needs of older women, with special focus on women
belonging to minorities.
In its most recent General Recommendation No 28 on the core obligations of States parties under
article 2 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, adopted in
2010, the Committee again explicitly spelt out that intersectionality is a basic concept for
understanding the scope of the general obligations of States parties contained in article 2 and that
discrimination of women based on sex and gender is inextricably linked with other factors that affect
women, such as race, ethnicity, religion or belief, health, status, age, class, caste and sexual orientation
and gender identity. The Committee stressed that States parties must legally recognize such
intersecting forms of discrimination and their compounded negative impact on the women concerned
and prohibit them.
It was again reiterated that they also need to adopt and pursue policies and programmes designed to
eliminate such occurrences, including, where appropriate, temporary special measures in accordance
with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and general recommendation No. 25.
The CEDAW Convention, being about the elimination of all forms of discrimination against
women, not just discrimination based on sex, contains a very broad definition of discrimination
against women in its Article 1, which addresses any “distinction, exclusion or restriction