A/HRC/20/33 Rapporteur urges States to incorporate a gender perspective in the design and development of measures of prevention aimed at the elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance at all levels, to ensure that they effectively target the distinct situations of women and men, including by giving particular consideration to multiple forms of discrimination experienced by women. 56. Regarding measures to ensure the participation of discriminated and marginalized groups in public and political life, and the promotion of equality of opportunity for all in social and economic areas and combating poverty, the Special Rapporteur recommends, as provided for in the Durban Programme of Action, that States: (a) develop or elaborate national action plans to promote diversity, equality, equity, social justice, equality of opportunity and the participation of all. These plans should aim at creating conditions for all to participate effectively in decision-making and realize civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights in all spheres of life on the basis of non-discrimination (para. 99); (b) establish programmes to promote the access without discrimination of individuals or groups of individuals who are victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance to health care, and promote strong efforts to eliminate disparities, inter alia in the infant and maternal mortality rates, childhood immunizations, HIV/AIDS, heart diseases, cancer and contagious diseases (para. 101); (c) promote residential integration of all members of the society at the planning stage of urban development schemes and other human settlements, as well as while renewing neglected areas of public housing, so as to counter social exclusion and marginalization (para. 102). 57. To effectively combat racism, it is important to address both its manifestations and the infrastructure of ideas, attitudes and stereotypes on which it thrives. It is important to remember that racism is not just manifested in the overt denial of access to certain human rights but also the social environment of hostility and stereotyping that victims have to endure every day. Consequently, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States invest in education as a tool for transforming attitudes and correcting ideas of racial hierarchies and superiority. 58. The Special Rapporteur recommends that States adopt and implement special measures as stated on several occasions by his predecessors, while duly taking into account their preventive role. In this regard the Special Rapporteur recommends inter alia, as stated by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in its general recommendation No. 32 (2009), that States include and implement provisions on special measures in their legal systems, whether through general legislation or legislation directed to specific sectors and through plans, programmes and other policy initiatives at national, regional and local levels. 59. Monitoring and reporting progress made in the elimination of racism is essential to meaningful prevention and enforcement. In this regard ethnically disaggregated data can be a useful tool to assess the effectiveness of the measures taken, monitor progress made and better understand the nature and extent of the situation of the victims of racism and racial discrimination. Therefore the Special Rapporteur recommends that States collect ethnically disaggregated data with a view to setting up concrete targets and designing appropriate and effective antidiscrimination legislation, policies and programmes aimed at promoting equality, preventing and eliminating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. 16