A/HRC/20/33 develop a comprehensive approach that would include preventive measures and their effective implementation as an integral part of any national strategy developed to combat racism. He recalls in particular that the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference (para. 56) calls on States to take effective, tangible and comprehensive measures to prevent, combat and eradicate all forms and manifestations of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. 51. States should develop and implement national action plans to combat racism and racial discrimination and establish specialized bodies and mechanisms. National action plans are vital as they provide a comprehensive approach and roadmap to tackling the problems of racism and racial discrimination in national contexts. Such plans should incorporate a framework of action for the prevention of racism with concrete legal, policy, and programmatic measures specifically targeted at preventing racism, including in the areas of immigration policy, policing and administration of justice. Institutions and specialized bodies established to ensure adequate implementation should be provided with the necessary resources, including human, financial and technical. Human rights training focusing on the prevention of racism and racial discrimination should also be regularly provided to State agents. 52. The Special Rapporteur notes that the convergence between racism and poverty has been highlighted by his predecessor and reiterates that any measures to prevent racism must take this intersection into account. Consequently, he recommends that States consider linking their development programmes and priorities for the improvement of the socio-economic conditions of individuals and groups experiencing racial discrimination, social exclusion and marginalization. These linkages should be reflected inter alia in States’ reports to the universal periodic review process of the Human Rights Council and to relevant treaty bodies. 53. Preventing conflicts and the attendant human rights violations such as genocide and ethnic cleansing that may occur in this context calls for decisive preventive measures. The Special Rapporteur recommends that States and all relevant actors pay due attention to, and effectively address, the early warning signs of racism and racial discrimination that may lead to tension, violence and conflict situations with serious violations of human rights. Ensuring equality for all in the enjoyment of civil, cultural, economic, social and political rights including the rights of minorities, without any discrimination based on race, colour, descent, national or ethnic origin is one effective way through which States may prevent and address the rise of tension and conflict. Good governance, democracy, respect for the rule of law, and meaningful participation of minorities in political institutions are also essential to prevent and defuse tensions which may lead to situations of conflict. In this regard the Special Rapporteur recommends in particular that States effectively implement the recommendations made by his predecessor in his report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/14/43). 54. The Special Rapporteur recommends that concrete measures and adequate mechanisms to prevent racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance be incorporated in national strategies developed to combat terrorism. In this regard the Special Rapporteur recalls general recommendation No. 30 (2004) on discrimination against non-citizens of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, according to which measures taken in the fight against terrorism must not discriminate, in purpose or effect, on the grounds of race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin. 55. Women and girls often suffer multiple forms of discrimination, including on the basis of race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin and gender. They are more marginalized and discriminated against in comparison to men. The Special 15