A/HRC/38/52 mandate were being hosted in developing countries, 97 with some of the poorest and least xenophobic countries playing host to the largest numbers of refugees. Economic rhetoric used to justify refugee exclusion in wealthy countries should be rejected for the xenophobia and racism that is at its core. The Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants has noted that, notwithstanding the prevalence of narratives portraying migrants generally as an economic strain, “immigration has … been found to have a minimal impact on unemployment of residents and a positive overall impact on employment generation and investment”.98 62. In the Durban Declaration, States acknowledge the unequal distribution of the benefits of globalization and recognize “that interregional and intraregional migration has increased as a result of globalization, in particular from the South to the North” (paras. 11–12). They go on to stress that migration policies should not be based on racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance (para. 12). Yet still, racists and xenophobes — including in Governments all over the world — continue to take advantage of legitimate economic discontent to target non-nationals of specific racial, ethnic and religious groupings. Opportunistic political leaders and parties continue to strategically deploy inaccurate economic narratives about non-nationals of specific ethnicities, races and religions. In doing so, these leaders and parties distract national attention from political and economic elites among citizens, including through multinational corporations, all of whom are the persistent overrepresented beneficiaries of economic globalization. V. Conclusion and recommendations 63. In sum, racist and xenophobic ideologies rooted in ethno-nationalism regularly combine with national security fears and economic anxieties to violate the human rights of non-citizens, indigenous peoples and minorities on the basis of race, ethnicity, national origin and religion. Although the Special Rapporteur analyses each of the drivers separately in the present report, it is vital to maintain sight of their combined operation. The resurgence and spread of extreme right-wing racist ideology should be challenged alongside other discourses and drivers that are on their face more acceptable, but are in practice just as effective at targeting specific racial, ethnic or religious groups. National security and economic prosperity anxieties or concerns can have the ultimate effect of making racial and xenophobic discrimination and intolerance more socially acceptable. The value of distinguishing the different drivers is the subsequent capacity to develop tailored policies that are responsive to conditions on the ground. 64. In a number of recent cases, some courageous States and other actors within the United Nations system have publicly condemned instances of extreme xenophobic ethno-nationalism. These actions are to be encouraged and commended. However, in most instances of explicit ethno-nationalism, xenophobia and racism, even at the highest levels of political office, too many States remain silent. This silence amounts to complicity and the Special Rapporteur urges all States and multilateral regional bodies to take public, consistent and firm positions against all such incidents whenever they occur. 65. The Special Rapporteur urges all to be vigilant regarding the calculated and opportunistic ways in which many political leaders and parties continue to exploit the economic discontent and national security anxieties of their populations. States must refrain from pretextual use of exaggerated economic and national security concerns that are not grounded in objective reality in order to justify racist and xenophobic practices in the context of citizenship, nationality and immigration laws and policies. Legitimate economic and national security concerns will not be resolved by allowing populist but elite leaders who are already overrepresented beneficiaries of economic 97 98 UNCHR, Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2016, p. 2. Available at http://www.unhcr.org/5943e8a34.pdf. See A/69/302, paras. 20, 25 and 98. 19