A/HRC/38/52 groups. In these cases, racial discrimination continues to be the foreseeable effect of overbroad national security policy that is not proportionately tailored to achieve legitimate national defence requirements. 58. Whereas some groups are at heightened risk of losing citizenship and immigration status due to national security machinery and anxiety, these groups are also systematically barred from naturalization or regularizing their immigration status for similar reasons. A disturbing example is the application of clandestine reviews and internal checks that use unreliable methods to designate persons belonging to specific religious ethnic groups as inherent national security threats, thereby barring or delaying their naturalization.92 59. For a detailed analysis of the racial discrimination and intolerance targeting nonnationals and driven by national security and terrorism fears, the Special Rapporteur refers the Council to the 2017 reports of her predecessor, which also canvass the applicable international human rights law.93 C. Economic scapegoating of non-citizens 60. The economic effects of globalization have included escalating inequality. The continuing impact of the 2008 global financial crisis, for example, includes austerity measures that have impoverished many around the globe. Previous holders of this mandate have highlighted “the direct relationship between the increase in economic disparity and the increase in xenophobic and populist parties”.94 The resulting economic marginalization of large sectors of national populations continues to facilitate toxic scapegoating, in which migrants, refugees and other non-nationals bear the blame for the economic failures of Governments and the global neoliberal order. To make matters worse, opportunistic political leaders and extremist groups continue to use economic fears to justify punishing restrictions on the human rights of migrants. The Government of Israel, for example, has vowed to expel refugees and migrants whom it has labelled “infiltrators”, “economic opportunists” and “criminals”.95 In Greece, refugees from so-called “undesirable” countries in North Africa and South Asia are being singled out, detained and put through fast-track asylum procedures before being returned to Turkey.96 61. The Special Rapporteur wishes to highlight that, especially with respect to refugees, the countries and Governments that have had the most racist and xenophobic responses to involuntary displacement in Europe, North America and Australasia in particular are not the countries that currently shoulder the primary economic implications of refugee admissions. In 2016, UNHCR reported that 84 per cent of the world’s refugees under the UNHCR 92 93 94 95 96 18 For example, the American Civil Liberties Union has argued that the United States Controlled Application Review and Resolution Program uses unreliable methods of determining national security threats and often equates the practice of Islam and Muslim religious observance with terrorism. See Jennie Pasquarella, Muslims Need Not Apply (American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California, August 2013). Available at www.aclusocal.org/sites/default/files/carrp-muslims-need-not-apply-aclusocal-report.pdf. See A/HRC/35/41, paras. 52–96; A/72/287, paras. 11–57. See A/HRC/35/41, para. 48. See OHCHR, “Israel: UN experts urge immediate halt of plans to deport Eritrean and Sudanese nationals”, 1 March 2018. Available at www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22741&LangID=E. See also Ruth Eglash and Loveday Morris, “Q&A with Israel’s Interior Minister Aryeh Deri: plan to deport thousands of Africans is not about race”, Washington Post, 7 February 2018. Available at www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/07/refugees-or-illegal-migrants-israelsplan-is-to-deport-them-by-force/?utm_term=.5d917cd434f8; A/HRC/22/67 and Corrs.1 and 2, p. 24 (ISR 8/2012). See Eleni Koutsaraki, “The indefinite detention of undesirable and unreturnable third-country nationals in Greece”, Refugee Survey Quarterly, vol. 36, No. 1 (March 2017); Amnesty International, “Greece: lives on hold. Update on situation of refugees and migrants on the Greek islands”, 14 July 2017. Available at www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/EUR2567452017ENGLISH.PDF.