A/79/160 58. In Mongolia, the nomadic motifs of Mongolian herders are celebrated in tourism and nationalist imagery without their consent. 126 59. Wildlife corridors gazetted in Uganda for the tourism industry have caused human-wildlife conflicts in pastoralist communities and destroyed community property, with no compensation provided. 127 C. Freedom of movement and the right to security 1. Transboundary and stateless mobile Indigenous Peoples 60. Transboundary mobile Indigenous Peoples have inherent mobility rights based on historical patterns of movement between and across borders that predate the formation of nation States. With the demarcation of national boundaries, mobile Indigenous Peoples found themselves separated by borders and divided between States, subjecting them to immigration restrictions and cutting off access to rangelands, forests and marine areas. They are often categorized as migrants after crossing into another State’s territory. Tension between States creates further instability, forcing migration across borders and increasing the risk of exposure to armed conflict, human smuggling and drug trafficking. 128 A lack of understanding about mobility has created statelessness among mobile Indigenous Peoples and the failure to recognize their multinationality limits the exercise of their fundamental rights. 61. The Sami reindeer herders of Finland, Norway, the Russian Federation and Sweden were highly reliant on long-distance mobility before state borders were created, thereby hindering their mobility. Infrastructure projects, extractive industries and tourism activities have led to the loss and fragmentation of pasture lands, restricting movement, reproductive levels and overall reindeer survival. 129 Norway and Sweden have been negotiating a new convention on reindeer herding across borders since the last one expired in 2005. 62. Pastoralists in Africa, like the Fulani, rely upon cross-border seasonal movement to preserve social ties with relatives. 130 The Maasai in Kenya, who cross into the United Republic of Tanzania to visit family, have had livestock confiscated by the Government. 131 Traditionally moving across the region following clouds during times of drought, they are now stopped by border patrols, which undermines their resilience to climate change and their governance of lands and resources. 132 63. Inuit Indigenous Peoples in Nunavut, Canada, who keep family ties in the United States and Greenland, experience difficulties maintaining these connections, as well as cross-border employment, education and trade. The Arctic and Northern Policy Framework commits Canada to reducing mobility barriers for Inuit across the Canada-Greenland boundary and the Canada-Alaska border. The Inuit in Greenland and Canada proposed establishing a marine protected area managed by Inuit in both countries. A free travel zone will allow hunting and reconnect families. 133 The Government of Canada is also working on mobility issues through the Inuit -Crown __________________ 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 18/28 University of Oxford joint submission. World Pastoralist Forum submission. Bedouin of Jordan submission; Permanent Forum side event on mobile Indigenous Peoples and the Dana Declaration, 19 April 2024; Missionary Council for Indigenous Peoples (CIMI) submission. A/HRC/18/35/Add.2. Wageningen University and Research Centre submission. Mainyoito Pastoralists Integrated Development Organization submission. See also Communication Nos. TZA 2/2013; TZA 1/2014; TZA 2/2019. Permanent Forum side event on mobile Indigenous Peoples and the Dana Declaration, 19 April 2024. A/HRC/54/31/Add.1. 24-13045