A/HRC/35/25/Add.1 and in the media, which influences citizens’ perception of migration. That all has a negative effect on the authorities’ response to the phenomenon, as aggressive rhetoric promotes heavy-handed security enforcement and dehumanizes migrants. 9. In recent years, mass expulsions have been accompanied by allegations of human rights violations by Angolan security forces against migrants expelled from Angola, the majority of whom were Congolese. The Special Rapporteur received reports that often, the situations of people in need of international protection were not taken into account during collective expulsions. Allegations of human rights violations, including sexual abuse and sexual exploitation, were also reported. 10. Moreover, the challenges associated with migration management in Angola are particularly important in the diamond-mining areas bordering the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Information received from the Government indicates that such challenges are also experienced in other border areas, such as Santa Clara (between the province of Cunene and Namibia), Cabinda, an Angolan enclave bordered on all sides by the Congo, and in Moxico, on the border with Zambia. In recent years, clandestine migration has also developed using small boats from the west coast of Africa and the Gulf of Guinea to cross the Atlantic Ocean. 11. Excessive bureaucracy and petty corruption have disproportionate effects on human rights protection, as they limit the access of irregular migrants to social services such as education, health care and justice, for fear of detection, detention, extortion and deportation. The Special Rapporteur was informed that they also discourage migrants from attempting to enter the country regularly or trying to regularize their migration status once they are in Angola. 12. The Special Rapporteur observed that the immigration rules are not well known by law enforcement officials and, when they are, their implementation is hampered by the lack of proper institutional structures and by corruption. The overly stringent immigration rules often make being undocumented the only option for many migrants. Still, migrants continue to go to Angola to work, often in the construction and mining industries, and set up businesses, all of which contribute significantly to the economy. However, their status is rarely regularized and they face exploitative conditions of work. III. Normative and institutional framework on migration and border management A. International legal framework 13. Angola has ratified five of the nine core international human treaties.2 It has not signed the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. 14. Angola has made several reservations to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, the most significant of which were to articles 17, on the right to work, and 26, on freedom of movement.3 2 3 4 It has ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. The text of the reservation to article 17 reads: “The Government of the People’s Republic of Angola accepts the obligations set forth in article 17, provided that: (a) Paragraph 1 of this article shall not be interpreted to mean that refugees must enjoy the same privileges as may be accorded to nationals of countries with which the People’s Republic of Angola has signed special co-operation agreements; (b) Paragraph 2 of this article shall be construed as a recommendation and not as an obligation.” The text of the reservation to article 26 reads: “The Government of the People’s Republic of Angola reserves the right to prescribe, transfer or circumscribe the place of residence of certain refugees or