it can help law enforcement and judiciary officials understand the situation of minorities, their issues and to promote concerns when confronted with the criminal justice system. For instance, in Australia in 2013, the Victoria Police made an important announcement that it would invite communities to comment about its practices in order to take a comprehensive self-examination. It will use the information to publish a report and then institute a new policy on field contacts. Regarding training and awareness-raising, these measures are undoubtedly a positive step in the right direction, however it is important to note that these initiatives cannot alone eradicate profiling in law enforcement. Ideally they should be implemented in combination with the practices I have previously mentioned. States have begun to combat profiling, yet additional steps remain to be taken in order to effectively address this important issue. I have been informed that there are positive examples of training and awareness-raising in Ireland and the Netherlands. In Ireland, the “Diversity Works” training program provides intercultural and diversity training for law enforcement officers. In the Netherlands, the Amsterdam Police contracted independent auditors to examine the organization and its work, which resulted in a qualitative study involving interviews of over 50 police officers, which discussed their rationales for deciding who to stop and search. Romania has developed a similar model for assessing the relationship between the police and the Roma community. Finally, efforts to eliminate discrimination should also stem from outside law enforcement and criminal justice systems. Independent, investigative oversight bodies should have the authority to address allegations of racial and ethnic profiling, and make practical recommendations for policy changes. They should be able to conduct self-initiated investigations, as these activities are fundamental to identifying discrimination and profiling by law enforcement agencies. National institutions responsible for oversight of police, as well as independent regulatory bodies for the judiciary, prosecutors and legal profession, should systematically assess and report on the situation of minorities within the criminal justice process, and take action when they observe discrimination. Oversight and accountability bodies should include members of minorities and have the mandate and technical capacity to address complaints of unfair treatment and abuse against minorities, including