A/78/538 publish reliable statistical data at the national and local levels and undertake all other related measures which are necessary to assess regularly the situation of individuals and groups of individuals who are victims of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance”. It is also explicated therein that such data should be disaggregated in accordance with national law. United Nations human rights mechanisms working on racism and racial discrimination, including the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination and mandate of the Special Rapporteur, have consistently called upon States to improve the collection of disaggregated data. The failure of States to adequately respond to such recommendations impedes efforts to effectively address a multitude of forms of racism and racial discrimination, including online racist hate speech. VI. Conclusions and recommendations 60. Online racist hate speech is a global phenomenon that has real life and, in the most serious cases, life-and-death consequences for those from racial and ethnic groups. Online racist hate speech has a powerful detrimental effect at the societal level, creating a climate of racial hatred, destroying the social fabric of communities and undermining the norms of human rights and democracy, including equality and non-discrimination. 61. Multi-stakeholder approaches to preventing and addressing online racist hate speech, which are grounded in the applicable norms and standards in international human rights law, are urgently needed. States, companies, civil society organizations, national human rights institutions and individuals all have an important role to play in preventing and addressing online racist hate speech. The Special Rapporteur’s recommendations to States, companies and other actors on how they can take measures, as part of a multi-stakeholder approach, to effectively prevent and address online racist hate speech are set out below. 62. The Special Rapporteur recommends that States: (a) Ensure that incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence is prohibited and, in the most serious cases, criminalized within national legal frameworks, in a manner that is consistent with international human rights norms and standards, including the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Rabat Plan of Action; (b) Effectively implement the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, in particular article 4, and ensure that all efforts to address online racist hate speech integrate all the provisions of the Convention; (c) Consider a “prompt and coordinated international response” to online racist hate speech, in the context of “strengthening international cooperation”, 61 as an integral part of significantly stepping up efforts to implement the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action; (d) Uphold the right to freedom of expression and opinion, a fundamental freedom contained within article 5 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as part of all efforts to prevent and address online hate speech; __________________ 61 20/22 Durban Programme of Action, para. 147 (e). 23-20290