A/70/321 I. Turkey 47. The Government reported that, via a constitutional amendment, the provisions of international human rights treaties ratified by Turkey may be invoked directly before Turkish courts. Accordingly, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination was an integral part of the Turkish national legislation. 48. The Government noted that the current Penal Code, which entered into force on 1 June 2005, penalized discrimination, hate crimes (art. 122), incitement to social, racial, religious or regional enmity or hatred (art. 216), genocide (art. 76), crimes against humanity (art. 77), unlawful collection of personal data, inter alia, on racial grounds (art. 135), the act of hindering the exercise of freedom of belief, thought or conviction (art. 115) and the act of damaging places of worship (art. 153). 49. The Government referred to the training of members of the law enforcement agencies on human rights standards. It also noted the courses on human rights given at the Justice Academy of Turkey for candidate judges and prosecutors and in -service training for staff of the Ministry of Justice. The training focused, inter alia, on prohibition of discrimination and the obligations of Turkey under the relevant United Nations and Council of European conventions and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. III. Contributions received from non-governmental and other organizations A. Coalition of German non-governmental organizations, lawyers and academics 50. The report submitted by a coalition of German non -governmental organizations, lawyers and academics acting as co-plaintiffs (Nebenkläger) in the trial of members of the National Socialist Underground at the Higher Regional Court in Munich discussed that terrorist group and addressed the issue of racial discrimination exemplified by law enforcement investigations surrounding a series of murders and bombings that the group carried out. 51. The National Socialist Underground was accused of having committed at least 10 murders between 2000 and 2007. Nine of the victims had migrant backgrounds and the other victim was a policewoman. In addition to the murders, the group was allegedly accused of having committed three bombings. The target of the first bomb was a restaurant managed by a person with a Turkish background. The second was a grocery store owned by a person with an Iranian background. In the third attack, a nail bomb was detonated in a busy shopping street with many shops run by Turkish families. The coalition reported that the group funded itself by distributing anti-Semitic board games, receiving donations from extreme right-wing circles and committing bank robberies. 52. The Coalition alleged that from 1998 to 2011 law enforcement agencies did not seriously investigate the possibility that neo -Nazis could be the perpetrators of those hate crimes. It suggested that this failure may be due to institutional racism in 12/21 15-13793