by the means test used to determine eligibility for financial assistance (see Recommendation 4). Lawyers and other staff involved in the provision of legal aid should also receive training to sensitize them to the needs of persons belonging to national minorities, including women. v. The right to an effective remedy17 The right to an effective remedy includes holding perpetrators accountable and providing appropriate reparations to victims, including victims belonging to minority communities. Remedies come at the conclusion of proceedings and are intended to give victims a sense that they have been heard, that justice has been done and that it is seen to have been done, thereby fulfilling a vital conflict prevention function. Granting appropriate remedies to persons belonging to minority communities, including in collective redress that can tackle the causes of systemic discrimination, can also serve to signal the State’s intent to treat them equally. Reparations might involve measures such as compensation, restitution, rehabilitation and guarantees of non-repetition. States should ensure that decisions to award reparations to minorities are effectively carried out (see Recommendation 8). Lastly, disaggregated data (including genderdisaggregated data) regarding the identities of plaintiffs/respondents or victims/ defendants, and the outcomes and remedies, should be collected by States to understand how the judicial system and national human rights institutions respond to cases involving national minorities. 2. Measures to guarantee access to justice for national minorities should be broader than providing access to courts. States should establish, strengthen and fund independent human rights institutions that can secure effective remedies for all complainants, including persons belonging to national minorities. In the 1990 Copenhagen Document, the OSCE participating States committed to facilitate the establishment and strengthening of independent national human 17 European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) article 13 The Graz Recommendations on Access to Justice and National Minorities 15