A/HRC/46/30 migrants were not refugees but rather “Muslim invaders”.112 In Australia, officials reportedly cherrypicked Christian refugees from the Syrian Arab Republic for resettlement over Muslims.113 D. Violence The Special Rapporteur is deeply alarmed by the frequent, widespread nature of violence targeting Muslims worldwide, including incidents where the authorities allegedly have incited, engaged in or failed to respond to violence. He recalls studies identifying a dialectic between State policies and practices that discriminate against Muslims and the Islamophobia that fuels individual assailants to carry out violent attacks against Muslims and their property. 114 When the religious practices, beliefs, employment, education, and immigration statuses of Muslims are repressed by States, or when State actors advance stigmatizing discourses against Muslims, private citizens can be emboldened to attack Muslims, and may even consider themselves to be acting in defence of their State or their culture. Rather than being “isolated incidents” they argue, street-level hate crimes against Muslims are a reproduction of the prejudice stoked by States. The Special Rapporteur reiterates his serious concerns regarding reports of widespread violence committed against Muslim minorities by State authorities in Myanmar and China, including atrocities along gendered lines. Approximately 130,000 Rohingya Muslims are reportedly imprisoned in 24 internment camps in Rakhine, Myanmar, where they are subjected to squalid conditions, physical abuse and forced confinement among other violations.115 Notably, the International Court of Justice has ordered provisional measures for the prevention of genocide against the Rohingya.116 In China, allegations have emerged that Uighur women are systematically raped, sexually abused and tortured in so-called “reeducation” camps in Xinjiang Province.117 Mob violence or extremists threatening deadly violence targeting Muslim communities are growing concerns in at least three States.118 Police officers were allegedly complicit, colluded with or actively participated in mob attacks against Muslims in India and Sri Lanka.119 The Special Rapporteur also acknowledges the proliferation of violent attacks against Muslim minorities within majority Muslim contexts.120 Moreover, hate crimes against Muslims peaked in 2017 across 29 States members of OSCE.121 Between 2014 and 2019, over 10,000 Islamophobic incidents were recorded across the United States, with both the number and violent nature of cases rising in most years.122 In one incident, two men were stabbed to death while trying to defend women perceived to be Muslim from being attacked.123 The number of anti-Muslim hate groups allegedly also grew, by 197 per cent between 2015 and 2016.124 In 2019, in perhaps the most egregious and deadly anti-Muslim attack by an individual in recent years, a gunman killed 51 people and injured 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 www.politico.eu/article/viktor-orban-hungary-doesnt-want-muslim-invaders/. www.sps.ed.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/276550/Kieran_Oberman,_22Refugee _Discrimination_The_Good,_the_Bad,_and_the_Pragmatic22.pdf. www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctv1wxs79. Ibid. www.icj-cij.org/en/case/178. www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-55794071. India (www.stimson.org/2021/violence-based-on-religion-or-belief-taking-action-at-the-unitednations/), Mali (A/HRC/40/77 and A/HRC/37/78, para. 43) and Sri Lanka (A/HRC/43/48/Add.2). India (submission by Dr. Ritumbra Manuvie. https://scroll.in/latest/969614/delhi-violence-mob-burnt22-year-old-mans-unconscious-body-to-check-if-he-was-dead-say-police; www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/14/failing-hold-violent-cow-protectors-account-india). AL EGY 10/2019, AL PAK 5/2018, A/74/188. Submissions by Al-Khoei Foundation and Tehmina Kazi. https://hatecrime.osce.org/what-hate-crime/bias-against-muslims?year=2017. www.islamophobia.org/articles/262-the-bias-brief-trump-s-impact-on-anti-muslim-bias.html. www.nytimes.com/2017/05/27/us/portland-train-attack-muslim-rant.html. Submission by the Carter Center. 13