A/HRC/28/64 96. The Umati project in Kenya emerged out of concern that mobile and digital technologies had played a catalyzing role in the 2007–2008 post-election violence in the country. The project seeks to better understand the use of dangerous speech in Kenyan online space, by monitoring blogs, forums, online newspapers, Facebook and Twitter. From October 2012 to November 2013, over 7,000 incidents of hate speech in English and local languages were identified. They were shared with other Kenyan organizations responsible for countering hate speech. 97. The Panzagar Movement (“flower speech campaign”) in Myanmar was initiated in April 2014 by a Burmese blogger and human rights activist concerned by hate speech against Muslim citizens in social media. The Movement was launched under the slogan “Let’s moderate our speech to prevent hatred among human beings” and is actively engaged in social networks. 98. Norikoe Net is a Japan-based group working to overcome hate speech and racism, often targeted against Koreans, in Japan. The group joined forces with others to collectively counter racism and hate speech by organizing anti-hate speech events and protests and pushing for the enactment of anti-discrimination legislation in Japan. 99. Some initiatives seek to involve ISPs in combating online hate speech, by advocating the implementation of reporting mechanisms for illegal material posted on their services, identifying hateful content that violates the terms of service or code of conduct of the ISPs and requesting the ISPs concerned to remove it. The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) has been actively involved in combating online hate speech through close collaboration with ISPs as well as law enforcement agencies, and providing training resources and educational materials on hate crimes. 100. Civil society organizations have formed networks to combat cyberhate, lobby for international legislation against discrimination on the Internet and exchange information and best practices. The International Network Against CyberHate (INACH) comprises 15 organizations from different countries with the purpose of uniting and empowering organizations to promote respect, responsibility and citizenship on the Internet through countering cyberhate and raising awareness about online discrimination. VI. Conclusions and recommendations 101. Hatred is often constructed, fuelled, maintained and directed by certain individuals or groups against other individuals and communities who are different in ethnicity, language or religion from the dominant majority, often for political reasons or owing to long-standing and entrenched discrimination. Hateful messages may fall on particularly fertile ground where there are wider social, economic or political problems or divisions in society. The root causes of hatred often lie beyond purely ethnic or religious difference and must be better understood. 102. It is essential to recognize how, in the longer term, hate speech and incitement can endanger social cohesion and create or deepen intercommunal divides and tensions. Action to address hate speech and hate crime must engage majority communities, including politicians, intellectuals, celebrities and ordinary people concerned about discrimination and hatred in their societies, to join marginalized and disadvantaged minorities in demanding human rights, equality and human dignity for all. Such coordinated action must include legislative steps and swift and efficient social responses. If hate incidents are not tackled quickly and effectively, targeted groups may experience permanent damage to their self-esteem and sense of belonging within their societies, increasing their marginalization. Majority communities may gradually become desensitized to the hostility in their societies targeted against minority groups. 20