A/HRC/34/56 82. Studies report that in past decades Roma and other minorities have been murdered in Hungary in relation to the extremist agenda. 45 Parties with an exclusionary agenda have been linked to violent attacks on immigrants and refugees, in numerous countries, including Germany46 and Greece.47 83. There has been a significant rise in hate speech and hate violence in the United States of America in the wake of the 2016 presidential elections, targeting in particular immigrants, Muslims, Jews, Latinos, African-Americans, lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people and women. 48 These incidents have often specifically referenced the President-Elect or his campaign rhetoric. The Special Rapporteur has been especially concerned at the number of incidents that targeted educational institutions and students. 49 There was also a sharp increase in hate crimes in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland following the 2016 European Union referendum. 50 This climate reportedly made some immigrants reluctant to speak their native languages in public. Woman parliamentarian Jo Cox, a noted defender of refugee rights, was killed one week before the referendum by a man motivated, as the judge who sentenced him to life in prison noted, by “white supremacism and exclusive nationalism … associated with Nazism”.51 84. Fundamentalist and extremist assaults on minorities and their cultural sites and practices have become widespread around the world, whether Muslims attacked by Buddhist, Hindu or Christian fundamentalists in some locations, or Muslim fundamentalists attacking Hindu, Christian, Jewish, Yazidis and other minorities across several regions. These incidents range in severity from hate speech to genocide, with some patterns of incidents resulting in large-scale flight of members of these groups, which will transform and impoverish the cultural landscape. 85. Fundamentalist and extremist groups often seek to block the mixing of people and to blot out symbols of coexistence. For example, Sikh fundamentalist groups have reportedly used gangs of masked men to forcibly disrupt mixed marriages. 52 86. Those perceived as lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender remain targets of organized abuse, including by religious extremists and extreme nationalists, which deprives them of many human rights, including the right to take part in cultural life, without discrimination (see A/HRC/29/23, para. 22, citing A/HRC/26/50, paras. 10 and 14-15, and A/HRC/28/66, para. 11). Terrorist groups may target lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons for punishment, including killings (see CRC/C/IRQ/CO/2-4, paras. 27-28). In February 2015, photos appeared to show several men, allegedly accused of homosexual 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 18 Vidhya Ramalingam, On the Front Line: a guide to countering far-right extremism (Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 2014). Zeit Online, “Zahl rassistischer Übergriffe steigt” [Number of Racist Attacks Rises], 27 January 2015. See also discussion in European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, “Report on Germany”, CRI (2014)2, paras. 46-48. See Amnesty International, “Annual Report 2015/16 (Greece)”. Available from www.amnesty.org/en/countries/europe-and-central-asia/greece/report-greece/. Attorney General Lynch’s video statement on hate crimes in America, 18 November 2016; Southern Poverty Law Center, “1094 Bias-Incidents in the Month Following the Election”, 16 December 2016. See, e.g., Joshua Sharpe, “Muslim Gwinnett teacher told to ‘hang yourself’ with her headscarf”, The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, 11 November 2016. See www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/559319/hate-crime-1516hosb1116.pdf. See https://www.judiciary.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sentencing-remarks-r-v-thomasmair.pdf. Sukhwant Dhaliwal, “Resurgent Sikh fundamentalism in the UK: time to act?”, Open Democracy, 18 October 2016. One incident reportedly resulted in 55 arrests, with 5 ongoing investigations.