A/HRC/34/56 Buddhist fundamentalism has been reported as one component of the ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity there directed against the Rohingya minority. 60 92. Education is central to recruitment and indoctrination by Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant, which begins at school and intensifies in training camps in conflict contexts, where many regular schools have been destroyed.61 Children are thus obliged to follow a curriculum designed by Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant, in which subjects such as music, history and social studies have been removed and replaced by what is deemed religious instruction. There have reportedly been killings of educators by Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant for refusing to teach this curriculum. IV. Conclusions and recommendations A. Conclusions 93. This is a wake-up call for our times. We face a multidirectional global avalanche of hate to which we must have an urgent global riposte. We must build and rebuild the culture of human rights and basic decency everywhere through effective, thoughtful, international law-abiding global action, within a universal human rights framework. States, international organizations and civil society must come together to develop comprehensive and courageous strategies. 94. Fundamentalist and extremist ideologies, when aiming at forcing or coercing people into specific world visions, beliefs systems and cultural practices, are a threat to human rights, and more specifically to cultural rights. Too numerous are the artists, writers, theatre directors, dancers, museum curators, educators and human rights defenders who are threatened or attacked by fundamentalist and extremist State and non-State actors and risk their lives to continue their work, to express themselves and to defend cultural rights for all, without discrimination. They are on the frontlines, together with people who simply wish to participate in cultural life in their own way and are also under attack. The international community must stand with them. 95. Cultural rights, understood as fully integrated within the human rights system, are critical counterweights to fundamentalism and extremism; they call for free selfdetermination of individuals, respect for cultural diversity, universality and equality. B. Recommendations 96. To effectively respond to fundamentalism and extremism and prevent, punish and stop the violations of human rights, in particular cultural rights, to which they give rise, the Special Rapporteur recommends that the international community: (a) Understand fundamentalism and extremism as human rights issues to which a human rights approach is essential; (b) In accordance with relevant international law, recognize and combat extremist and fundamentalist ideologies that promote sectarianism and discriminatory attitudes towards, inter alia, those with different world views, 60 61 20 Human Rights Watch, “All you can do is pray: crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing of Rohingya Muslims in Burma’s Arakan State”, 22 April 2013. Noman Benotman and Nikita Malik, The Children of Islamic State (Quilliam, 2016).