A/74/253 not take any action to stop the anti-Semitic and pro-Nazi ideology present in these marches. 38. Anti-Semitic crime in France has risen to a level of violence unique in Europe , bearing greater similarity to the levels of anti-Semitic violence in the United States of America. The Ministry of the Interior of France reported an 84 per cent increase in violent anti-Semitic attacks from 2017 to 2018, with incidents against individuals increasing by 170 per cent during the same time frame. 13 The Hypercacher kosher supermarket shooting in 2015 and the attack against a Jewish school in Toulouse in 2012 each resulted in the murder of four Jewish victims. 14 39. In Germany and Austria, although the number of anti-Semitic incidents fluctuated in the early 2010s, there has been a steady increase since 2015. The Federal Ministry of the Interior of Germany reported an annual increase of 13.5 per cent in anti-Semitic incidents in 2018,15 with violent incidents increasing nearly 37 per cent. 16 The rise of anti-Semitism in Germany should be understood in the broad context of xenophobic and anti-migrant discourse led by the extreme right. The increased presence of right-wing movements in the public sphere is part of a worrying trend. This trend was manifest in mainstream politics in the recent European parliamentary election in May 2019. The extreme right party AfD (Alternative für Deutschland) gained considerable status by securing 11 seats in the European Parliament, an increase from 7 seats in 2014. 17 The Austrian Office for the Protection of the Constitution and Counter-terrorism (Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz und Terrorismusbekämpfung) suggests that it is difficult to present clear causes for rising anti-Semitism but partly attributes the upsurge to increased migration to Austria. 18 40. Anti-Semitic incidents in the United Kingdom reached a record high in 2018 with a total of 1,652 incidents. A study found that the annual totals in 2016, 2017 and 2018 represent a sustained pattern of historically high anti-Semitic incidents in the country, with no single trigger event causing the increasing trend over the past three years. 19 The study indicates that the months with the highest total incidents in 2018 correlate to periods when the Labour Party’s political and media debates over allegations of anti-Semitism were most intense. During these periods, such debates __________________ 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 19-12969 France, Ministry of the Interior, “Lutte contre la haine, la discrimination, le racisme et l’antisémitisme”, available at www.interieur.gouv.fr/Actualites/Communiques/Lutte-contre-lahaine-la-discrimination-le-racisme-et-l-antisemitisme; European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Antisemitism – Summary overview of the situation in the European Union 2002–2012 (November 2013) (Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union, 2013), p. 29, available at https://fra.europa.eu/sites/default/files/fra-2013_antisemitism-update-20022012_web_0.pdf. Service de protection de la communauté juive, “2015 report on antisemitism in France” (2016), p. 37. Available at www.antisemitisme.fr/dl/2015-EN.pdf. Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat, “Straf- und Gewaltdaten im Bereich Hasskriminalität 2017 und 2018” (2019), available at www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/downloads/DE/veroeffentlichungen/2019/pmk -2018hasskriminalitaet.html; ibid., “Übersicht ‘Hasskriminalität’ – Entwicklung der Fallzahlen 2001–2017” (2018), p. 5, available at www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/downloads/DE/ veroeffentlichungen/2018/pmk-2017-hasskriminalitaet-2001-2017.html. Bundesministerium des Innern, für Bau und Heimat, “Straf- und Gewaltdaten im Bereich Hasskriminalität 2017 und 2018”. Unabhängiger Expertenkreis Antisemitismus, “Antisemitismus in Deutschland – aktuelle Entwicklungen” (2017). Available at www.bmi.bund.de/SharedDocs/downloads/DE/ publikationen/themen/heimat-integration/expertenkreis-antisemitismus/expertenberichtantisemitismus-in-deutschland.html. Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz und Terrorismusbekämpfung, “Verfassungsschutzbericht 2017” (2017), p. 24. Available at www.bvt.gv.at/bmi_documents/2202.pdf. Community Security Trust, “Anti-Semitic incidents report 2018” (2019). Available at https://cst.org.uk/publications/cst-publications/antisemitic-incident-reports. 11/19