A/74/253 formally distanced itself from anti-Semitism. The party moved away from explicit anti-Semitism as part of its platform during the 1980s and 1990s, but anti-Semitism continues to permeate the speeches and interviews of its leaders. 5 Examples of more subtle but nevertheless anti-Semitic language include use of the dated and disfavoured word “Israelite” when referring to Jews, as well as references to cosmopolitanism that call back to the history of anti-Semitism noted above. 6 Such language reshapes and reasserts anti-Semitism in a code decipherable by those who understand the language of anti-Semitism in the cultural context. 35. Anti-Semitism is marginalized in Germany; by and large, anti-Semitic views are not accepted in public discourse. However, groups on the extreme right have long been associated with anti-Semitism, frequently espousing a revisionist position on the Second World War. Some extreme right organizations openly support the use of violence triggered by hatred and use violence themselves. 7 The extreme right is responsible for most anti-Semitic crime in the country: approximately 90 to 95 per cent of anti-Semitic crimes and 80 per cent of violent anti-Semitic incidents are carried out by the extreme right. 8 Extreme right groups also engage in rallies, publications and neo-Nazi subculture, such as music, as a component of neo -Nazi propaganda that incites hatred and violence against Jews. 9 B. Anti-Semitic violence, hate crimes, hate speech and other incidents 36. Violent and non-violent anti-Semitic crime is on the rise. A recent survey of experiences and perceptions of anti-Semitism in Europe indicates that 89 per cent of the respondents living in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland feel anti-Semitism has increased over the past five years. 10 Some 24 per cent replied that they had witnessed other Jews being verbally insulted, harassed and/or physically attacked in the past 12 months. 11 One fifth of respondents replied that they knew family members or other people close to them who had been subjected to anti-Semitic verbal or physical attacks. 12 37. Submissions by two non-governmental organizations paint a similar picture. The World Jewish Congress reported an increase in neo-Nazi marches throughout Europe that promote anti-Semitism, xenophobia and Nazi glorification, and an increase in the proliferation of Nazi symbols. It noted that violent and non-violent hate incidents are also common neo-Nazi practices, and emphasized that social media is the main medium used to spread neo-Nazi ideology. One submission noted that the glorification of neo-Nazism and the promotion of its symbols has increased in Lithuania. The submission reported that Nazi symbols and related chants are common during two annual ethnonationalist youth marches. According to the source, police do __________________ 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 10/19 Brigitte Beauzamy, “Continuities of fascist discourses, discontinuities of extreme-right political actors? Overt and covert anti-Semitism in the contemporary French radical right”, in Analysing Fascist Discourse: European Fascism in Talk and Text, Ruth Wodak and John E. Richardson, eds., pp. 169 and 177. Ibid., p. 168. Günther Jikeli, “Anti-Semitism within the extreme right and Islamists’ circles”, in Being Jewish in 21st Century Germany, Olaf Glöckner and Haim Fireberg, eds., p. 190. Ibid., p. 189. Ibid., p. 192; see also A/HRC/41/55, pp. 4–5. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Experiences and perceptions of antisemitism – Second survey on discrimination and hate crime against Jews in the EU (Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union, 2018), p. 11. Ibid., p. 32. Ibid., pp. 15 and 32. 19-12969