A/57/292 relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951 and therefore forced to become clandestine for fear of suffering persecution in their country of origin. In that context, she welcomes the “global consultation” process embarked on by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which has given rise to deep and serious debate on the link between asylum and migration. 64. The Special Rapporteur draws attention to the feminization of migratory flows, the particular vulnerability of migrant women and the many forms of discrimination to which they are exposed, especially those engaged in domestic work. 65. The Special Rapporteur takes this opportunity to express her concern about cases of the detention and expulsion of unaccompanied minors and the obstacles to family reunification encountered by such children. 66. She notes that a good many countries have not come up with an effective strategy to combat the spread of illegal migrant-smuggling networks or made trafficking a punishable offence under their law. 67. The Special Rapporteur is particularly concerned, on the basis of information received and direct observation in testimony from migrants, as well as concerns expressed by the authorities and NGOs, by the fact that the criminal activities of trafficking and smuggling are committed in a climate of extreme corruption. 68. The Special Rapporteur suggests that the topic of the protection of the human rights of migrants should be integrated into every stage of migration management. VI. Recommendations 69. The Special Rapporteur strongly recommends that States should ratify the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families. 70. She also recommends that States should accede to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocols on Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants. This Convention and its Protocols should form the basis of effective and concerted international action to combat this extreme form of abuse and decriminalize its victims. 71. The Special Rapporteur recommends that States should model their national legislation on the Protocols to the Convention in order to prevent, combat and punish the trafficking and smuggling of migrants. Prevention should start in countries of origin; they should combat corruption, issue proper documentation and launch mass information campaigns. 72. In countries of destination containing smuggling and trafficking networks, specific measures should be adopted to protect and decriminalize victims. Effective strategies should be adopted to eliminate the use of exploitative labour. 73. Effective protection for the human rights of migrants should be ensured at every stage of migration management procedures, both in the receiving State and the States of transit and origin. 74. The Special Rapporteur recommends that efforts should be made not to polarize the debate on migration, since the protection of the human rights of migrants is not incompatible with either the exercise of sovereignty by States or the practical implementation of national security policies. 75. The Special Rapporteur urges States to seek joint, equitable and appropriate solutions, through regional and bilateral dialogue, to the problems posed by migration. She also recommends that existing regional dialogues should move beyond the initial phase of diagnosing the problem to that of concerted action by the participating countries. 76. As for xenophobia and discrimination, the measures agreed at the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance should be translated into specific national care and prevention programmes and take into account all groups identified as vulnerable, including migrants. 77. The Special Rapporteur considers it most important to tackle the problem of violence against women migrant workers, who constitute a vulnerable group, and recommends that States should draw up programmes specifically aimed at that sector in such areas as legal protection, human rights education campaigns, assistance, punishment of abuses committed against migrant women and protection. The work done by female domestic workers should also be recognized. 17