A/71/317 intent. This is especially the case, as has been noted in regard to Nazi practices and those of Da’esh, when destruction and related looting of cultural heritage is carried out to fund the further commission of atrocities rising to the level of genocide. A number of submissions to the Special Rapporteur specifically referred to the term cultural genocide. 30. Following the adoption of Security Council resolution 2199 (2015), UNESCO developed a strategy to strengthen its capacity to respond urgently to cultural emergencies. The strategy explicitly refers to human rights and cultural rights and develops actions to be taken to reduce the vulnerability of cultural heritage before, during and after conflict. It includes rehabilitation of cultural heritage as an important cultural dimension, which can strengthen intercultural dialogue, humanitarian action, security strategies and peacebuilding. 18 31. The obligation to stop looting must be viewed as a collective one which includes not only the States where looting takes place but also those powerful countries that offer the lucrative markets for looted objects. If they do not reduce market demand, there will be further incentive for looting and for intentio nal destruction, and more funding for groups engaging in it. IV. Intentional destruction of cultural heritage: cultural warfare, “cultural cleansing” and other violations of cultural rights 32. The UNESCO Declaration concerning the Intentional Destruction of Cultural Heritage defines “intentional destruction” as “an act intended to destroy in whole or in part cultural heritage, thus compromising its integrity, in a manner which constitutes a violation of international law or an unjustifiable offence t o the principles of humanity and dictates of public conscience ”. The qualification of intentional destruction may also be applied in cases of wilful neglect of cultural heritage either during armed conflicts or in times of peace, including with the intent of letting others destroy the cultural heritage in question, for example, through looting. The Special Rapporteur underscores the importance of also addressing the widespread destruction of cultural heritage engendered by development and modernization, a subject that cannot be addressed in this report owing to space constraints. She will continue to respond to this issue in future, including through communications. A. Intentional destruction as a form of cultural warfare and cultural cleansing 33. This report pays particular attention to intentional destruction of cultural heritage carried out by States or non-States actors, whether in times of armed conflict or not, with a specific aim, e.g., attacking cultural diversity and cultural rights; erasing memory of current and past events, civilizations and peoples; erasing evidence of the presence of minorities, other peoples, philosophies, religions and __________________ 18 10/24 UNESCO, “Reinforcement of UNESCO’s action for the protection of culture and the promotion of cultural pluralism in the event of armed conflict ” (38 C/49), 2 November 2015. See also the submission of Italy. 16-13742