A/HRC/60/66 Argentina, the 2022 census included a question about Indigenous self-identification for every household member. If the response was affirmative, additional questions were asked about the specific Indigenous group with which the person identified and whether the person spoke or understood the native language of that group.36 37. In Canada, the Disaggregated Data Action Plan is aimed at filling data gaps and promoting data disaggregation as a standard practice. It is focused on collecting, analysing and disseminating data relating to the employment of, among others, Indigenous Peoples.37 38. In Chile, despite challenges, more information about Indigenous Peoples is being gathered through the development of questionnaires, the generation of information, for instance, on housing, the economic and political participation of Indigenous women, and the status of Indigenous languages, and the validation of the results. The process includes validating data-collection instruments with Indigenous organizations to ensure the correct application of rights-based approaches from international instruments.38 39. In the Russian Federation, Indigenous organizations proposed 80 locally relevant indicators to the Federal Agency for Ethnic Affairs to improve the collection of data on Indigenous socioeconomic and cultural conditions. At the regional level, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug-Yugra developed an automated system to monitor Indigenous households and land use, which supports inter-agency coordination and facilitates dialogue with private companies on impact mitigation and compensation.39 40. The Collaborative on Citizen Data, the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources and the Statistics Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs plan to establish a working group to promote collaboration with Indigenous Peoples that will review existing tools and guidelines and make suggestions for the adjustment of national statistics on gender and the environment to better capture the realities and meet the needs of Indigenous Peoples.40 IV. Role of data in achieving the right to self-determination 41. Indigenous Peoples’ right to data is an expression of their right to self-determination. In the context of the right to development, disaggregated data enable self-determination by providing evidence for the purpose of ensuring the equitable participation of Indigenous Peoples within the State and also by informing the participation of Indigenous Peoples in evidence-based decision-making processes.41 42. Without disaggregated data, it is difficult for Indigenous Peoples to measure the changes occurring within their communities, to present their needs and priorities to States and to assess the effectiveness of existing programmes.42 43. In the Arctic, the Inuit Circumpolar Council has developed the Circumpolar Inuit Protocols for Equitable and Ethical Engagement and the National Inuit Strategy on Research to support Inuit self-determination in science. Within these documents, the need to recognize, support and comply with Inuit rights to access, own and control data collected on Inuit is stated. Having guidelines in place that emphasize the importance for researchers and data collectors of engaging Inuit in their research, and being open to local and Indigenous knowledge in the field, not only will enhance the quality of the empirical data, but also could contribute to avoiding the reproduction of colonial structures.43 The National Inuit Strategy 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 GE.25-12012 Submission from the Office of the Ombudsman of Argentina (in Spanish). Submission from Canada. See, for example, the submission from Chile (in Spanish). See, for example, the submission from the Soyuz Union of Indigenous Peoples and Salvation of Yugra (in Russian). See https://data.unwomen.org/resources/gender-and-environment-indicators. Submission from the Canadian Human Rights Commission. Norwegian National Human Rights Institution, “A Human Rights-Based Approach to Sámi Statistics in Norway”, p. 37. Submission from the Danish Institute for Human Rights. 7