A/HRC/31/18/Add.1 and subsequent internal clashes and conflicts with Israel, as well as to overcome political confessionalism. 37. People committed to common citizenship across religious and denominational lines sometimes voiced frustration about typical misunderstandings of such notions as “secularity” or laicité, which they felt were often wrongly perceived as a proxy for atheism. The Special Rapporteur had numerous discussions on these issues. Admittedly, the broad variety in which these and similar terms are used may create confusion and misunderstanding. It seems important, in any case, not to confuse the inclusive space provided by the State for religious diversity with an anti -religious attitude. 38. Civil society organizations, which are a vibrant reality in Lebanon, work to broaden the space in which people cooperate on political issues across diverse religious and denominational backgrounds. Many civil and human rights activists campaign for a unified Civil Code in order that every citizen of Lebanon may be treated equally, across denominational lines, including those who do not profess any religion. The educational system obviously plays a critical role in promoting “civic” principles, including human rights, on which the Constitution is based. 39. Social media activism has also played an increasingly popular and important role in social, civil and human rights movements, especially among young activists in recent years. In 2014, Lebanon was listed as one of the five most active Arab countries in the use of social media networks, and had the highest rate of female social network users in the region. This facilitates cross-boundary communication, builds coalitions and strengthens relationships, while it also offers instant visibility and access to information; indeed, activism for women’s rights made significant progress in 2011 through social media. D. Power-sharing and “balancing” 40. The Special Rapporteur noted that the term “balance” often came up in discussions on the relationship between religious communities. Reference to a workable “balance” (often in conjunction with the term “equilibrium”, which has a similar metaphorical connotation) seemed to be indicative of the way in which the Lebanese manage their religiously diverse society. The term is used, depending on the specific context, to convey different meanings: sharing power among different communities, in particular Christians, Sunnis and Shias; building trust on the basis of respect for each community’s vital interests; respecting religious sensitivities by avoiding unnecessary provocations; or being aware of particular challenges, not least the demographic challenges that might undermine the existing system of coexistence. Concerns about how to uphold the existing balance were also typically voiced in discussions about the recent influx of refugees from the Syrian Arab Republic. 41. Notions like “balance” or “equilibrium” seem to reflect a pragmatic, yet cautious approach to handling diversity issues. They therefore reveal a certain ambiguity: on the one hand, respect for inter-confessional balance reflects openness for the vital interests of other communities and prevents monopolies of power, which certainly constitutes an important accomplishment; on the other, reference to a delicate balance may also reflect a will to prevent existing structures from developing out of fear that any far-reaching change to the status quo might jeopardize the legacy of interreligious coexistence in Lebanon. 11

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