Е/СЫ.4/1992/52 page 113 Sudan "The right of all sects to practise their faith is protected by the Code of Religious Affairs and Awaaf (property in mortmain) of 1980. In addition, the law on the institutions of proselytism dated 1962 governs the conditions for proselytism, whatever the denomination, on the basis of an authorization. Finally, chapter XIII of the Criminal Code of 1991, which is concerned with punishing crimes connected with religion, makes it an offence, among other things, to offend religious beliefs, to profane places of worship, to disturb religious ceremonies and to interfere with the dead or with graves." Trinidad and Tobago "Under the Constitution ... every individual has the fundamental right to freedom of religious belief and observance. Parents or guardians of children have the fundamental right to provide a school of their choice for the education of their children or wards. Apart from Government schools there are also denominational schools in which religion is taught. It is an offence to disturb any place of worship or to molest any person or minister therein." Turkey "Equal rights are secured under the Constitution. In addition to that, [the] Lausanne Treaty provides for equal rights to the non-Muslim minority." Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Rep"blic "There is no special provision in the legislation of the Ukrainian SSR on the rights of religious minorities. However, articles 4 and 5 of the Act on freedom of conscience and religious organizations establishes the principle of the equality of all citizens and religions before the law. Article 5 states: 'All religions, religious sects, movements and doctrines are equal before the law. The Ukrainian SSR through its higher and local organs of State authority and administration shall encourage the establishment of mutual religious and ideological tolerance and respect among believers and non-believers, and between the believers of different religions and their religious organizations'." United States of America In its reply, the Government of the United States of America stated that: "In maintaining the separation of Church and State, the establishment clause indirectly protects against religious intolerance by ensuring that the Government cannot use its authority to coerce or even influence individuals into practising one religion over another. This principle is so well established in the United States that recent cases arising under the establishment clause deal with peripheral ways in which governmental action indirectly affects religious practice.