A/HRC/17/40 marginalization, often helps explain their emigration. Once in the country of destination, Roma migrants who suffer double discrimination as Roma and non-citizens are often stereotyped as causing security problems and abusing the welfare system, and they remain discriminated against in a number of areas. In the field of housing they are frequently subjected to forced evictions, sometimes in a growing anti-Roma climate. In 2009 for instance, a number of Roma families, many of whom were migrants from Kosovo and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, were evicted and accommodated in overcrowded and cold metal containers in Serbia (A/65/261, para. 61). In France, in 2010, the Government ordered 300 illegal camps of Travellers and Roma to be dismantled and the undocumented migrants residing there to be deported (ibid., para. 62). For several years Roma migrants have frequently been targeted by security policies and discourse that has sometimes resulted in their expulsion. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur would like to express his concern about the targeted expulsions of Roma migrants to their country of origin, which are sometimes undertaken without their free, full and informed consent, including to countries where they are likely to face discrimination. In 2010, about 8,000 Roma were reportedly expelled from France 44 and cases of expulsion of Roma from Denmark45, Germany46, Italy47 and Sweden48 were also reported. C. Addressing the reasons for the failure to eliminate racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance against Roma 21. While the Special Rapporteur is aware that assessing the reasons for racial discrimination and racism against Roma remains complex, he believes that three main factors, which should not be considered as exhaustive, may explain the persistence of such a situation. They include the lack of participation of Roma in decision-making processes, the lack of implementation of policies and legislation targeting Roma, and the structural dimension of the racism and racial discrimination they face. 22. It is important to reconsider the place given to Roma in decision-making processes. In many countries Roma individuals are not sufficiently involved in the design and implementation of policies, and are not therefore able to voice their concerns and make their own propositions to protect their rights. The lack of implementation resulting from the absence of political will and the limited resources is also an important factor. Indeed, the elimination of racial discrimination and racism against Roma is not always seen as a priority at the national level and local authorities often fail to implement properly the legislation and policies developed for Roma. Furthermore, the refusal of some countries to collect ethnically disaggregated data in order to assess the effectiveness of the measures taken also remains a major obstacle for the implementation process. 23. As stated by the former Special Rapporteur in his report on the country visit to Estonia, the Roma community suffers mostly from structural discrimination (A/HRC/7/19/Add.2, p. 2 and para. 81). Structural discrimination experienced by Roma finds its origins in the past historical injustices perpetrated against them for centuries, which created structural inequalities that still persist and continue to have a 44 45 46 47 48 ERRC, “Factsheet” (note 8), p. 1. Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, “Recent rise in national security discourse in Europe: the case of Roma”, 6 October 2010, para. 5. Available from http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/WorkingDocs/Doc10/EDOC12392.htm. Human Rights Watch, Rights Displaced: Forced Returns of Roma, Ashkali and Egyptians from Western Europe to Kosovo, October 2010, p. 29. Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly, “Recent rise” (note 45), para. 5. Ibid. 9