1. Programme in Peacemaking and Conflict Prevention This Programme was initiated by UNITAR in 1993 to make United Nations efforts in conflict prevention and resolution more effective. Since then, it has expanded to provide a range of research and training. The UNITAR Training Programme to Enhance the Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding Capacities of Indigenous Peoples’ Representatives is based on a problemsolving negotiation approach to strengthen participants’ capacity to negotiate more effectively to have their needs met, while also promoting constructive relationships between members of their communities and those in the dominant community. UNITAR also organizes this Programme regionally focusing mainly on the training of representatives from the most excluded groups, including indigenous and minority communities, with the aim of strengthening their negotiation skills. These regional training courses include specific sessions on identity and conflict. In addition, UNITAR organizes an annual regional training programme for African governmental officials and United Nations peace operation staff, and the UNITAR-International Peace Institute’s Fellowship Programme in Peacemaking and Preventive Diplomacy for middle- and senior-level United Nations staff and diplomats from around the world using negotiation simulations focusing on minority concerns and strengthening skills in conflict analysis and mediation.22 2. Minority Fellowship Programme OHCHR organizes annual human rights training programmes specifically addressed to minorities. The Minority Fellowship Programme is aimed at strengthening the knowledge of representatives of minorities of the United Nations system and mechanisms so they can better promote and protect the rights of their communities. The Minority Fellowship Programme started in 2005 and is currently available in English and Arabic.23 3. Community-led Training In addition, through OHCHR, the United Nations also carries out community-led human rights training to encourage former fellows and other representatives of minorities to use the skills acquired through their work with OHCHR to extend their human rights knowledge to the entire community. The proposals are submitted to OHCHR (Indigenous Peoples and Minorities Section), which analyses their relevance and presents them to the OHCHR Grants Committee for possible funding. The community-led training is a training series at the community and grass-root levels on the promotion and protection of human rights with representatives of minorities 22 For more information, see www.unitar.org. 23 For more information, see www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/minorities/ fellowprog.htm (accessed 26 August 2010). 43