A/77/549 are able and choose to leave. According to one submission, 75 climate change is increasing displacement and migration to urban areas and out of Haiti, owing to negative economic impact on the livelihoods of farmers. Racism limits Haitians’ freedom of movement, limiting their ability to escape climate harms through dignified migration. In the United States, Haitians are targeted for deportation under Title 42 of the United States Code, which has been used to detain and exclude Haitian migrants at the border. 76 37. According to one submission, 77 in Mozambique, the expansion of large international mining projects has intensified, and they have been a main source of socioenvironmental conflicts causing internal displacement. A total of 1,365 families from the communities of Mithethe, Chipanga, Bagamoyo and Malabue were displaced by a coal exploration project operated by the Brazilian multinational Vale in Moatize, Tete province. The treatment of displaced populations by multinational companies in the region mimic violent colonial practices. The decision to implement the project was imposed upon the affected communities, who were excluded from decision making, and subject to police intimidation. Most of the population harmed by transnational corporations are peasants, low-income, Indigenous Peoples and racially marginalized groups. Locals live in constant fear of reprisals for speaking against the company. 38. Another submission 78 highlighted the long history of racism in the agricultural sector in the United States, which includes the forceful removal of Native Americans from their homelands, enslaving Africans and their descendants and exploiting Latinx farmworkers under inhumane conditions. Federal and state policy has historically favoured white men, with some states blocking reparations or ownership of land by non-white individuals. White individuals owe 98 per cent of farmland , while 80 per cent of the labour force is Latinx. Homestead acts have disproportionately given subsidized farms to white individuals and corporations while the federal Government has discriminated in lending to non-white farmers. The Southern landowners’ efforts to exclude Black sharecroppers from the New Deal legislation during the Great Depression began an enduring phenomenon known as “agricultural exceptionalism”, a systematic exclusion of farmworkers from federal labour protections, such as the National Labor Relations Act and Fair Labor Standards Act. According to the submission, climate change is forcing more people to migrate and increasin g the number of individuals seeking work in the United States. However, over half of farmworkers lack immigration status, and those who enter the country legally are vulnerable to abuse. Workers are commonly subjected to poor wages and unsafe working conditions. 39. In one submission 79 it was reported that, in Central America and Mexico, Indigenous and Black communities have been involuntarily displaced by their disparate exposure to the impacts of extractivism and their general socioeconomic marginalization. According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), Central America is at great risk of hydro-meteorological events related to climate change. The level of risk of humanitarian crises and disasters in six out of the seven countries in the region, namely, Cuba, El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico and Nicaragua are at medium and high levels. 80 There are no effective policies in place to __________________ 75 76 77 78 79 80 12/24 Submission from the Global Justice Clinic. Communication No. JAL USA 27/2021. Submission from Eusébio. Submissions from the Florida State University; University of Bologna; and the Bread for the World USA. Submission from the Observatorio de Racismo en México y Centroamérica. Lilian Yamamota and others, La Movilidad Humana Derivada de Desastres y el Cambio Climático en Centroamérica (Geneva, International Organization for Migration, 2021). 22-24043