I would recommend that we clearly and explicitly say, that affirmative action is not against the principle of equality but is an instrument for achieving equality and justice for underprivileged and vulnerable groups and minority communities. In this also connection I would like to say that the document should emphasize the principle of equality of opportunities to education and the document has already emphasized equal right to education and non-discrimination. Those tend to be more protective and defensive while equality of opportunity is more pro-active and provides legal basis for special measures, preferential treatment of minority communities who need those kinds of support, special and exceptional support. In order to be able to enjoy their equal rights. The second comment that I would like to make in order to enhance implementation is suggest to national governments to consider issuing a law on equal opportunity and anti-discrimination. Several countries have already done that and this is not going to be an ordinary law like all the other laws that suffer from lack of implementation because experience tells us that this is a different type of law. It is a law that provides monitoring mechanisms not only for the purpose of investigating complaints or holding authorities accountable because they have not implemented their obligations, or governments or any responsible authorities. It is a special law that provides mechanisms in the positive sense and that because, commissions for example, equal opportunity commissions, are empowered to discuss plans for eliminating discrimination over a period of time and resources that must be made available and then they monitor implementation of those plans. So it enables, it induces change in the positive sense that normally is required in minority and vulnerable group situations where resources are scarce. Where there is cultural bias that needs to be death with in a special way and over time. If the plans are not implemented then accountability comes in. So I am recommending that this be put as a proposal in our recommendations and that also we consider developing or updating model law to help governments, to help national human rights institutions and NGOs working in that direction. Thank you very much.

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