E/CN.4/2003/24 page 10 promotion and protection of and respect for diversity, is translated into concrete measures, worked out democratically in the spheres of law, education, information and communication and transposed into the social arena where discrimination occurs (employment, housing and health). 18. In this new strategy, the intellectual means of combating racism, xenophobia and discrimination could be structured around history, education and trade: History is the theatre, the enclosure where cultures, civilizations and peoples have constructed their own identity and their relations with others. This is the terrain which engenders all misunderstandings and antagonisms, friendships and enmities, and where attention should be concentrated in the context of the dialogue between cultures and civilizations. It is the sphere of memory, the long memory of history, that makes it possible to go back to the true source of the processes, mechanisms and expressions of dialogue or conflict. This means an urgent review by individual peoples and by all peoples together of the writings, content and teachings of history, as a fundamental factor for dialogue; In the long term, teaching and education are the true roads to transforming minds and the means of building knowledge, know-how and values. It is here too that the image and perception of the other are transmitted and here that they take root. Here then must the ethics of pluralism and dialogue be etched deeply. Intercultural education is a process of catharsis which forces peoples and cultures to look critically at themselves, to call their certainties into question and spring open the barriers that shut them in. Communication, by means of which the image of self and of the other is formed and transmitted, must also be intercultural so as to be able to express in concrete terms the need for exchange and dialogue within the meaning of Sean McBride’s beautiful formula, “Many voices, one world”; Trade also constitutes a primary means of dialogue; at all times and on all continents it has been a vector of encounters, dissemination and cultural, artistic and spiritual interaction. Going beyond the seductive but erroneous theories of antagonism between culture and commerce, the value of dialogue must be stamped on the exchange which is at the heart of trade. It is in this context that the insidious emergence of a new language of discrimination must urgently be revealed, with its explicit or implicit theories explaining underdevelopment by the existence and importance in the societies concerned of archaic and backward values and mindsets which are contrary to “modernity”; Growth and development should therefore no longer be consistent with some market logic or model, but should express the multifaceted forms of living and being. In the final analysis, the issue of dialogue between cultures and civilizations should be an essential factor in negotiation on world trade and the economy. Cultural ethics would therefore have the capacity to assuage the negative aspects of market forces; In the context of this strategy, particular attention will be given to the productive areas of encounters and interactions, such as tourism, immigration and sport, which may nurture or block racism, discrimination and xenophobia and encourage dialogue between cultures.