Ms. Kikoler began by underlining that the situation in the Central African Republic is a reminder that the protection of targeted minorities in the midst of unfolding violence and atrocities is one of the most pressing challenges the UN system and international community is facing. She stressed how in this context, Governments have a responsibility to protect populations from mass atrocities. She underlined that the UN system, regional organisations and Member States must begin by examining the specific risk factors of atrocities in a more systematic way. She pointed out that the failure to act early dramatically narrows the policy options available to governments, regional and international actors to avert and halt violence and atrocities. She then emphasised that when crafting policy responses for situations where violence and atrocities are unfolding, it is critical to recognise the unique dynamics of each situation. She recommended that responses be informed by the experiences and desires of local communities and recognised how our understanding of ‘protection’ must extend beyond the physical protection of individuals to the preservation of communities, cultural institutions and livelihoods. She then recommended a three pronged policy response to atrocity crimes. Finally, she stressed the importance of non-state actors including community, religious and political leaders to this process and their potential to de-escalate emerging situations of violence and atrocity crimes. Director, Women Peace Network Arakam, Myanmar, Ms. Wai Wai Nu Ms. Nu began by stressing that States must ensure the protection of minority rights in their Constitutions. She then went on to highlight how States should develop their legislative protections, including provisions to stop and take action against hate speech and hate crimes and to urgently act to protect the rights of minorities after violence breaks out. Then, she gave an overview of the situation of the Rohingya minority, a national ethnic group not recognised in Myanmar, who reportedly suffer from persecution. She reported that their basic rights and dignity as human beings are not respected and that the Rohingya suffer from discrimination. She asked the Government of Myanmar to take effective measures to stop violence and incitement to violence against specific groups and to find durable and peaceful solutions to ensuring protection. She also urged the Government to take measures such recognising citizenship rights and all civil and political rights of minorities. Moreover, she encouraged non-state actors to stop using violence, to end hatred and discrimination, as well as to promote interactive dialogue and mediation among communities and with the government. She concluded by encouraging the media to end perpetrating biased images and to enhance impartiality and to encourage a reduction of ongoing violence against minorities. She also stressed that the international community should take prompt responsibility and all means necessary to the protection of minorities worldwide. Discussion The following issues were raised during the discussion under Item V: 16