A/HRC/57/70 and how it produces its results. Secondly, justice and fairness - this principle includes nondiscrimination, impartiality, consistency and respect for diversity and plurality. It further implies the possibility for the subject of an AI system’s operation to challenge the results, with the possibility of remedy and redress. Thirdly, responsibility - this principle encompasses the requirement that a human being should be responsible for any decision affecting individual rights and freedoms, with defined accountability and legal liability for those decisions. This principle is thus closely related to that of justice and fairness. Fourthly, safety and security - this implies that AI systems should be robust, secure against outside interference and safe against performing unintended actions, in accordance with the principle of precaution. The fifth element is, privacy - whilst respect for human rights generally might be considered inherent in the principles of justice and fairness and of safety and security, the right to privacy is particularly important wherever an AI system is processing personal or private data.48 B. Recommendations 74. States must raise general awareness about digitalization and AI, ensuring a basic level of digital literacy in at least 87 per cent of the population, in line with the global adult literacy rate. 75. States must invest in public education about digitalization, AI, e-governance, elearning, e-health, e-finance and diverse e-applications, making the internet accessible and available to all. 76. States must provide affordable and equal access to the internet, to technological devices, to stable, clean energy sources and to life-long learning for all. 77. States must invest more equitably in education, particularly computer education and digital literacy and skills at all levels from pre-school to post-secondary education, integrating an understanding of digitalization and the use of AI in all disciplines and all spheres of life, as research shows that the return on investment in education is relatively high, as a public and a private good. 78. States must invest heavily in training teachers, at all levels from pre-school to university, in the academic, professional, and vocational fields, and transforming their capacity to use, apply and teach their students to organically use and apply technology in their learning and routine activities. 79. States must institutionalize legislative and policy frameworks, informed by ethical principles and commitment to fairness, equality and equity to regulate the use of digitalization and AI, generative AI and the next generation of technologies, putting in place effective sanctions for non-compliance and mitigating and compensatory initiatives for any harm caused by non-compliant entities. 80. States must support a recognition of the impact of race, racial bias and racial discrimination in digitalization and the use, misuse and abuse of AI through research regarding people of African descent. 81. States must ensure that digitalization and the use of AI continue to be regulated, moderated, facilitated and remain subject to human oversight. 82. States must facilitate and incentivize the integration of people of African descent in economic development sectors, including in employment, banking, finance and insurance, that are digitally progressive, ensuring that the existing divide is reversed and not widened, deepened and prolonged, and resulting in enhanced innovation, research and development for and by people of African descent. 48 AI Ethics Guidelines: European and Global Perspectives, Draft Report commissioned by the Council of Europe Ad Hoc Committee on Artificial Intelligence (CAHAI), Ienca M. and Vayena E., March 2020. 17