 the right to choose to be or not to be associated with a minority group Electoral systems and electoral districts  Generally speaking, Electoral Systems that rely on single member districts (such as the First Past The Post System or the Alternative Vote System) can hardly guarantee proportional representation or guarantee minimal percentage of seats for minorities (unless there are special provisions in place or additional seats are elected by party lists). On the other hand, List Proportional Representation systems or mixed systems such as parallel and mixed member proportional (MMP) systems can ensure minority representation within the context of the party lists if there is a will to do so. Therefore, countries with issues relating to minorities usually opt for some form of proportional representation. Examples:     List Proportional Representation system (PR): Alternative Vote System Block Vote System: First Past The Post System (FPTP): Several techniques designed to enhance the representation of minorities  In PR systems: lowering the threshold  Quotas for candidates/ candidate lists (mostly in PR systems) Reserved seats  Quotas for the pool of potential candidates  Best loser system  Manipulation of electoral boundaries End