A/HRC/48/74 impacted, as are those in remote areas, such as in Mexico,11 where they remain at risk of not being registered. 24. Guatemala has made efforts to increase the registration of indigenous children, including through mobile registration in remote areas and preregistration initiatives. The Public Defender in Paraguay has carried out registration in indigenous communities. D. Right to life, physical and mental integrity, liberty and security of person 25. Article 7 (1) of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples reiterates the rights to life, liberty and security of person guaranteed under international law. The right to life is further developed by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, which includes State obligations to ensure the survival and development of the child to the maximum extent possible (art. 6 (2)). That is also an overarching principle of the Convention that is tied to, and reliant upon, the right to an adequate standard of living (art. 27). 26. Indigenous children often have higher mortality rates than non-indigenous children, as is the case with Maori children in New Zealand. 12 The infant mortality rate in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, home to indigenous peoples of Bangladesh, is more than double the national average. 13 Indigenous children are at heightened risk of violence, exclusion, discrimination and bullying, and often lack State protection. Violence, abuse and racism 27. Indigenous children are at a higher risk of violence than non-indigenous children, owing to conditions such as poverty and migration, in particular to urban centres, leaving them at risk of sexual exploitation and trafficking. In Greenland, many indigenous children are exposed to domestic violence and substance abuse at home. They are often victims of sexual abuse, which goes largely unreported, even for generations. 14 The underreporting demonstrates the friction between collective and individual rights, as in many communities reporting may be seen as a threat against the collective and fear of exclusion may hinder reporting in communities where people are interdependent. Indigenous children have experienced increased domestic violence during the pandemic and report the need to create safe spaces. Indigenous children, including Sami, reported experiencing bullying, harassment and racism at school, on social media and when exercising their traditional livelihoods. 15 State and non-State actors 28. Indigenous children experience threats of violence from State and non-State actors. They often express fear of law enforcement, for example Mapuche children who have been exposed to violence during police raids, during which police enter houses with high-calibre weapons.16 Indigenous children in Australia report being targeted and subject to verbal and physical abuse by the police, with girls reticent to seek assistance and reporting sexual exploitation by the police.17 29. Indigenous children, particularly in Asia, Africa and South America, are impacted by armed conflicts and the presence of armed actors on their land. The risk of violence increases when they are displaced, as was the case for Kel-Tamasheq children living in refugee camps 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 6 Submission by the Mexican National Human Rights Commission. Child and Youth Mortality Review Committee, 14th Data Report 2013–17 (Wellington, Health Quality & Safety Commission, 2019). Submission by Maleya Foundation. See also United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Bangladesh, “Many tracts one community” (August 2019). Submission by MIO (National Advocacy Centre), Greenland. Submission to the fourteenth session of the Expert Mechanism by the Youth Council of the Sami Parliament in Sweden. Submissions by Human Rights Watch and Red por la Defensa de la Infancia Mapuche. Wiyi Yani U Thangani (Women’s Voices), Securing Our Rights, Securing Our Future (Sydney, Australian National Human Rights Commission, 2020), p. 190.