At the network/connectivity level, affordability and reliability are critical factors in overcoming digital divides. To fully participate in social and economic life, all members of society must be able to access reliable, high-quality communication networks at affordable prices.139 Affordability is a major barrier to digital accessibility, especially for disadvantaged and vulnerable groups. Assessing the cost of communications services, including not only in terms of network pricing but also in relation to incomes, is necessary for digital inclusion. States may wish to consider a funded national broadband strategy alongside policies aimed at affordable entry-level broadband services. The ITU/UNESCO Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development recommends that entry level broadband services should be made affordable at less than two per cent of the monthly gross national income per capita.140 Reliability is crucial for both individuals and businesses to operate in the digital world. Policies to address divides with regard to reliable networks or connectivity could include some or all of the following: promoting market forces, public/private partnerships, carrying out competitive tenders to foster deployment, reducing deployment costs, imposing coverage obligations in spectrum auctions, and rural and remote subsidies.141 Special attention should be paid to the needs of rural and remote areas, including those inhabited by minority communities, which often experience issues arising from their distance from core network facilities.142 In such situations, ensuring free internet access points at libraries or other community centres, among other measures, can contribute to digital inclusion. The application-interface level is also crucial for enabling digital access. Accordingly, digital inclusion should prioritize the language of available applications and the importance of culturally relevant content that reflects the identities, histories and traditions of national minorities.143 Such provisions are likely to be particularly important for minority language speakers and in multilingual border regions. At the end-user level, overcoming digital divides requires all members of society to have the skills necessary to fully engage with digital technologies. Digital skills training should be included at all levels of education, from primary through to adult learning, and led by suitably qualified instructors using appropriate learning resources. 139 Tallinn Guidelines, Guideline 8. 140 Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development, advocacy target two, “Achieving the 2025 Advocacy Targets”. 141 OECD, “Bridging Connectivity Divides”, p. 618. 142 OECD, “Bridging the Rural Digital Divide”, OECD Science, Technology and Innovation Digital Economy Papers, February 2018. 143 UN Secretary General, Roadmap for Digital Cooperation, pp. 10–11. 52 Recommendations on the Effective Participation of National Minorities in Social and Economic Life