A/HRC/52/38 4. Demarches and public diplomacy 63. Diplomatic missions, such as embassies, issue demarches or public statements 65 to draw attention to violations and seek de-escalation with regard to serious violations of freedom of religion or belief, for example, with regard to the cases of particular prisoners of conscience 66 or to violations that involve executions, extrajudicial killings, unfair trials, outbreaks of communal violence or violent attacks 67 where all else has failed. Through multilateral cooperation, they carry out such advocacy actions jointly. 68 Public diplomacy has also included facilitating person-to-person exchanges to promote better inter-faith and intrafaith awareness and understanding. 5. Education, training and capacity-building 64. Freedom of religion or belief technical assistance and trainings may be focused on particular audiences, such as law enforcement officials. Others are concentrated on “religious literacy”, which helps to sensitize participants regarding knowledge of different manifestations of religion or belief, including its reasonable accommodation, 69 and the understanding of why freedom of religion or belief can support effective responses to pluralism and issues that can arise between or within religions or beliefs.70 In academia, too, there are numerous scholarly settings, 71 authors and advocates 72 that advance this field, provide crucial legislative input and support the mandate. They are starting to grow in diversity, but their spread can be greatly expanded. 65. Pedagogic tools and principles on toleration, as a means of integrating principles of freedom of religion or belief and human rights into education, have been developed. 73 One learning platform provides resources to help individuals, communities and decision makers learn, reflect upon and promote freedom of religion or belief for all, 74 by providing resources for personal study and group training courses for politicians, officials, diplomats, policymakers75 and others. Others promote this through video series76 or peer-to-peer learning, developed into a variety of formats, such as an online course addressing the role of religious and faith-based actors in promoting human rights and sustainable peace, 77 an online facilitator training course78 and other online and in-person formats. 6. External financial instruments 66. Project funding assists civil society organizations in promoting freedom of religion or belief and supporting human rights defenders under threat. Financial tools are also pertinent in sanctioning particularly egregious violations of freedom of religion or belief. The failure to respect freedom of religion or belief may result in the suspension of cooperation or trade 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 GE.23-00741 See https://www.state.gov/international-religious-freedom-or-belief-alliance. See https://www.uscirf.gov/victims-list. European Union, “Guidelines on the promotion and protection of freedom of religion or belief”, 2103, para. 50. See https://www.international.gc.ca/world-monde/issues_developmentenjeux_developpement/human_rights-droits_homme/freedom-religion-libertegroup_groupe.aspx?lang=eng. A/69/261, sect. III.D. See also https://religiousfreedomandbusiness.org/about. See https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Issues/Religion/WorkshopReligion.pdf. For example, https://www.jus.uio.no/smr/english/about/id/oslocoalition/; https://law.nus.edu.sg/cals/research-clusters/; https://www.aclars.org; https://www.direitoereligiao.org/sobre-nos/english; https://www.iclars.org; https://www.europeanacademyofreligion.org; https://www.iclrs.org/annual-international-law-andreligion-symposium/; and https://cslr.law.emory.edu, https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu. For example, https://www.ewelinaochab.com; and https://www.knoxthames.com. See https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000142342?posInSet=13&queryId=84896d88-79b64a07-92a4-82a6352fa98d. See https://www.forb-learning.org/index.html. See https://www.jus.uio.no/smr/english/about/id/oslocoalition/limitations/index.html. See https://www.osce.org/odihr/514618. See https://www.usip.org/academy/catalog/religions-beliefs-and-human-rights-faith-rights-approach. See https://faith4rights.iclrs.org. 13