A/HRC/31/72 criminal justice systems often have more to do with structural discrimination and factors such as overpolicing of minority communities. 22. States should develop a comprehensive set of standardized tools, including computerized systems, that will assist them in evaluating the performance of their criminal justice institutions against a set of objective standard criteria. Such criteria should include: the type of rights violated at all stages of the criminal justice processes; the relevant characteristics or status of the victims, including gender, and perpetrators, i.e. State agents, private companies or individuals; the place and time of violations; and outcome of the redress process, i.e. conviction, sentence and compensation. States should pay due attention to the possibility that State agents perceive, either through training or implicit bias, that minorities are more likely to be engaged in criminal activity than non-minorities, and collect data to interrogate such perceptions. 23. States should systematically classify complaints and reported cases of alleged violations against minorities to support follow-up and allow for cross-sectional comparisons over time and across the criminal justice system. To that end, States should consider establishing coordinating committees or dedicated teams composed of representatives from key criminal justice agencies to ensure that information on a case is exchanged in a confidential, timely and efficient manner throughout the system and make sure that all information on a case is computerized and simple to analyse. 24. States are encouraged to conduct crime victimization surveys (or victim surveys), which allow for a broader representation of crimes, including unreported crimes, and may reveal specific details about victims and their experience of the criminal justice system, offenders, and other characteristics of criminal incidents. This will enable a better understanding of crime, including implications for minorities. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Manual on Victimization Surveys provides practical guidance on carrying out such surveys, framing questions concerning police reporting rates, methods of data analysis and modalities for the presentation of findings that are relevant to the situation of minorities. 25. States should consider conducting court user surveys to better understand user experiences of courts. Such tools have proved effective in detecting the impact of backlogs, delays in the delivery of justice outcomes, incidents of external pressure being applied, corruption, lack of adequate resources or other aspects that particularly impact minorities. Such surveys may trigger policy interventions and strengthen the capacity of the justice sector agencies in terms of planning and budgeting, monitoring, high-level advocacy and cross-sectoral dialogue, as well as in addressing the expectations of all sectors of society, including minorities, revealing barriers to such expectations and offering the opportunity of greater accessibility to the criminal justice system. 26. States should collect and make public data on the composition of law enforcement personnel and the judiciary, disaggregated by gender, ethnicity, profession and numbers in each role, in order to provide policymakers and justice professionals with a practical and detailed tool to better understand the constituents of the criminal justice system. This would enhance transparency, may lead to greater public confidence in the criminal justice systems and improve fairness and equality of opportunity, ultimately improving the efficiency and quality of the criminal justice system. 27. States should encourage and support non-governmental organizations, academic institutions and researchers in undertaking independent studies on the situation of minorities in the criminal justice system. States should ensure the removal of legislative or bureaucratic obstacles that may hamper the research, production and publication of such studies. 6