A/73/305 B. Global and regional trends: a racial equality analysis 16. This section aggregates different types of racially discriminatory human rights violations associated with nationalist populism around the world. Example s are drawn from different sources, including submissions received by the Special Rapporteur in response to her call for input for the present report. 19 Contemporary trends include individualized and structural threats, and require an intersectional analysi s to account for the ways in which other social categories such as gender, sexual orientation and disability status can compound and alter the experience of discrimination and intolerance rooted in nationalist populism. Racist and xenophobic violence, hate crimes and hate speech 17. Perhaps the most visible impact that resurgent nationalist populism has had on racial equality has been to escalate incidents of racist and xenophobic violence, crimes and speech all over the world. It has also aided the sp read and mainstreaming of messages of intolerance that had typically been confined to marginal, extremist platforms. 18. With respect to Europe, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, in a 2016 report on hate crimes, highlighted the pervasive na ture of violence, harassment, threats and xenophobic speech targeting asylum seekers and migrants, as well as persons with visible ethnic backgrounds, and Muslims (especially women). Human rights activists, pro-refugee politicians as well as journalists reporting on refugee issues were also targets. Perpetrators of hate incidents and crimes included State authorities, private companies and individuals and vigilante groups. 20 These incidents and crimes have varied in intensity and sometimes resulted in killin gs. For example, the same report noted that in October 2015, an Afghan asylum seeker had been shot dead by Bulgarian police after crossing the Bulgarian -Turkish border. In Fermo, Italy, a Nigerian asylum seeker, reacting to racist insults addressed at his wife, was beaten to death with an iron pole. In 2018, three migrants were shot while attempting to remove iron materials from an abandoned factory in Calabria. One of them, a young Malian man who was a union-worker activist, died. 21 Attacks of a violent nature against asylum accommodation and reception centres were reported in all European Union member States, but very few of them systematically record incidents and publish public reports. 22 19. Nationalist populist political parties and even elected officia ls have been among the worst offenders where racist and xenophobic speech is concerned. The European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, in its general policy recommendation No. 15 on combating hate speech, adopted on 8 December 2015, decried this t rend, noting that the cultivation and dissemination of racist, xenophobic and neo -Nazi ideas and hate speech has not been limited to extremist organizations. 23 Mainstream parties and leaders, including parliamentarians, have participated in these activities and continue to do so. In a 2014 report, the European Network against Racism suggested that during the 2014 electoral campaign for the European Parliament, 42 hate speech __________________ 19 20 21 22 23 8/22 See www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Racism/SRRacism/Pages/ImpactOfNationalistPopulism.aspx. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Current Migration Situation in the EU: Hate Crime (Vienna, 2016). European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, “Periodic data collection on the migration situation in the EU”, July 2018, lists a number of violent incidents against asylum seekers and refugee reception facilities. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, Current Migration Situation in the EU. European Commission against Racism and Intolerance, general policy recommendation No. 15 (2015) on combating hate speech, para. 24. 18-12945