A/80/496 with disabilities, LGBTQI+ persons and migrants, including refugees and asylum seekers, may be particularly vulnerable to sexual and gender-based violence owing to the mutually compounding impact of discrimination on various grounds. The Special Rapporteur notes with concern a general paucity of racial, ethnic, caste and other similar forms of intersectional disaggregated data on sexual and gender-based violence in conflict and urges States and other stakeholders to address this to more effectively prevent, address and remedy these scourges and their impact on those from marginalized racial and ethnic groups. Forced displacement and migration 31. According to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 123.2 million people were forcibly displaced in 2024, with conflict being a primary cause. 50 The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre estimated that, of the 75.9 million internally displaced persons at the end of 2023, 68.3 million were displaced by conflict and violence. 51 Many were in situations of protracted displacement and faced the prospect of never being able to return home. Data from the Office highlight that 66 per cent of refugees under its mandate have been displaced for more than five years. 52 Conflict, famine and displacement are deeply interrelated and can be mutually compounding. Famine and food crises further contribute to the involuntary mass movement of people. Displaced people can be particularly vulnerable to the effects of famine and are disproportionately affected by food insecurity, often owing to barriers to gaining access to labour markets and a reliance on humanitarian assistance for survival. Sexual violence against women and girls has also resulted in forced displacement. For example, since the conflict started in the Sudan in April 2023, it is reported that the Rapid Support Forces have carried out widespread sexual violence across towns and villages in the Sudan to humiliate, assert control and forcefully displace families and communities from their homes. 53 32. The Special Rapporteur received information about the disproportionate impact of forced displacement and migration on those from marginalized racial and ethnic groups. 54 The disproportionate impact of forced displacement and migration is multidimensional. Individuals from marginalized racial and ethnic groups fleeing conflict may face racism after taking flight. For example, the Special Rapporteur received information about those from marginalized racial and ethnic groups, including people of African, Asian and Arab descent, fleeing the outbreak of the conflict in Ukraine in 2022 who experienced incidents of racial discrimination. Testimonials collected by the Special Rapporteur’s predecessor reported individuals being denied access to bomb shelters, border guards preventing them from crossing the border or pushing them to the back of queues for transportation that would grant them safe passage out of the country, and, in some cases, denial of access to consulates of their countries of origin in neighbouring countries. 55 33. Those from marginalized racial and ethnic groups are more likely to face violence while on the move. They can also find it more difficult to find a durable solution to their displacement because of the migration policies of potential host countries, in particular in the global North, which are often grounded in systemic __________________ 50 51 52 53 54 55 12/21 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Global Trends Forced Displacement in 2024 (Copenhagen, 2025). Forced displacement refers to those internally displaced, as well as refugees and asylum-seekers. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Global Report on Internal Displacement 2024 (Geneva, 2024). UNHCR, “Mid-year trends 2024”, 9 October 2024. Communication OTH 47/2025; and Amnesty International, “They raped all of us”. Submissions from South Africa, and Lithuania. OHCHR, “Ukraine: UN expert condemns racist threats, xenophobia at border”, 3 March 2022. 25-16958