E/CN.4/1987/35 page 22 such as ill-treatment and humiliation at school, expulsion from school or a ban on embarking on higher education, pressure to deny their faith, and even in certain extreme cases imprisonment, torture and summary execution. 71. The tacit or explicit encouragement of the authorities of certain countries to denigrate the values and ideas embraced by certain religions or beliefs has already been mentioned. It is obvious that such conduct is hardly compatible with the provisions of article 5, paragraph 3, of the Declaration concerning education based on understanding, tolerance and respect for freedom of religion or belief of others. C. Religious intolerance and other infringements of human rights 1. Infringements of the right to life, physical integrity, liberty and security of person 72. The right to life, a fundamental right from which all other human rights flow, is of primary importance and is proclaimed in all international instruments relating to human rights. 73. The right to physical integrity entails prohibition of the use of torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. Like the right to life, the prohibition of torture is one of the rights universally recognized as forming part of jus cogens and entailing, on the part of States, obligations erga omnes towards the international community as a whole. 74. Similarly, the right to liberty as defined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the international instruments relating to human rights, in particular the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, entails the prohibition of arbitrary arrest and detention, and respect for a certain number of standards and guarantees assuring the equitable and effective administration of justice. 75. As is clear from the information submitted to the Special Rapporteur and the brief analysis of that information contained in the preceding chapter, the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion as defined, in its various implications, in the text of the Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief is often deliberately ignored or, at the least, made subject to restrictions that are hardly justified by the requirements mentioned in article 1, paragraph 3, of the Declaration, i.e. the protection of public safety, order, health or morals or the fundamental rights and freedoms of others. Thes^ infringements of freedom of thought, conscience and religion often entail serious consequences for the enjoyment of other fundamental rights such1 as those mentioned above. 76. In extreme cases, religious intolerance leads to the denial of the' right to life. Infringements of this fundamental right may take various forms.77. At times, the occurrence of armed conflicts caused, inter alia, by religious factors leads, in some cases to heavy loss of life. In a currents international conflict between two neighbouring countries, in which the number of casualties is estimated to be in the hundreds of thousands, religious dissensions are contributing to hold up any peaceful solution.