A/67/299 change would not be sufficient for ensuring that such persons are protected under the international refugee law regime. The Special Rapporteur notes that, in all likelihood, political agreements would probably be reached whereby resettlement would be negotiated for the affected population. However, such agreements are usually triggered by disasters when lives have already been lost and thus come late in the day. A framework of protection for such vulnerable persons should be provided by international law, and not only depend upon the political will — or lack thereof — of benevolent States. E. Looking ahead: political engagement on the issue of climatechange-induced migration 69. In the light of the above analysis, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes that, as a complement to sustainable adaptation strategies, policies should facilitate some environmentally induced migration. Preventing or constraining such migration is not a risk-free option: it may in fact lead to accelerated impoverishment, increased displacement and irregular migration in many settings, particularly in low-lying coastal zones, drylands and mountain regions, making future migration crises more probable. As the foresight report observed: “the cost of inaction is likely to be higher than the costs of measures discussed in this report, especially if they reduce the likelihood of problematic displacement. Giving urgent policy attention to migration in the context of environmental change now will prevent a much worse and more costly situation in the future.”18 70. To respond appropriately to the situations of climate-change-induced migration, engagement is necessary at all levels of governance. Moreover, policy responses to the multiple impacts of climate change need to be developed simultaneously. Short-term response might be largely humanitarian, in the context of both sudden, climate-related disasters and that of slower impacts, such as food and water insecurity and access to other basic rights. However, such approaches need to be supplemented by medium- and long-term responses. Medium-term responses should focus on adaptation at the community and country levels, building resilience in populations at risk from environmental deterioration and the efficient use of technologies to better depend on the natural changing of the environment. Policy development and programming also need to be factored in. Long-term policies require international engagement in the limitation of greenhouse gas emissions in order to limit the pace of global warming. 71. In the light of these complex necessities, the section below outlines only a few of the key considerations regarding the role that Governments should play and highlights the equal importance of the engagement of not only individually affected States, but also the international community and civil society in responding to those needs. 1. Duties of Governments 72. The complex dimensions of environmental change and migration demand coordination from a broad spectrum of governmental actors, including but not limited to: adaptation funding; development cooperation; urban planning; rural affairs; conflict management; disaster planning; migration policies; and environmental policy. Action and coordination will also be required between 12-46071 17