A/HRC/44/57/Add.2 From 2003 to 2017, a higher percentage of individuals belonging to racial and ethnic minorities held a “marginal” job compared with native Netherlanders.62 In addition, racial and ethnic minorities typically occupy a less favourable position in the labour market and earn less than native Netherlanders. 63 Government statistics indicate that individuals of Moroccan, Turkish, Surinamese and Netherlands Antillean descent are particularly disadvantaged in terms of earnings. Furthermore, one report highlighted that, from 2016 to 2017, the risk of poverty for refugee households increased more rapidly than for other households.64 71. Ethnic minorities face discrimination in both during hiring and afterwards, once they are in the workplace. In Amsterdam, numerous individuals reported experiencing discrimination based on their racial, ethnic or migration background. 65 Applicants with a migration background more frequently believed that a rejection was or could have been related to discrimination.66 Only a third of individuals with a migration background said that the rejection they received was devoid of racial discrimination. Of workers with a nonWestern migration background, 20 per cent reported experiencing racial or ethnic discrimination at work, while only 6 per cent of those without a migration background said the same.67 72. A report issued in 2017 highlighted the prevalence of employment discrimination against persons with Arabic or Muslim-sounding names, finding that a person with a stereotypically Netherlands-sounding name with a violent criminal record was three times more likely to get a positive response than someone with a similar record and an Arabic name. 73. The Special Rapporteur regrets that a dearth of data hinders understanding of the nature and extent of labour exclusion experienced by Roma, Sinti and Travellers. H. Education 74. The education sector reflects the dynamics of the labour market: racial, ethnic and religious minorities experience discrimination, exclusion and marginalization. To fulfil its human rights law commitments, the Government must redouble its efforts and investment in racial equality. 75. Approximately 30 per cent of second-generation Turkish, Moroccan, Surinamese and Netherlands Antillean students dropped out of school in 2016.68 Members of these groups also enter general or scientific secondary education at a lower rate than other Netherlands students. In addition, they less frequently pass their secondary graduation exam than their peers without a migration background.69 76. In consultations with the Special Rapporteur, racial and ethnic minority university students lamented their professors’ inability to effectively confront racism on campus. They also expressed the belief that their universities were, in general, ill-equipped to address overt and covert forms and expressions of racism. Instead, by default, the universities treated discriminatory and intolerant speech and conduct targeted at members of racial and ethnic minorities as behaviour protected by the right to freedom of expression. Interlocutors expressed concern about mentoring and counselling approaches that channelled ethnic and racial minority students into lower-ranked educational and vocational institutions. The Special Rapporteur was distressed to learn that such practices sometimes did not account 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 See www.cpb.nl/sites/default/files/omnidownload/cpb-achtergronddocument-inkomensongelijkheidnaar-migratieachtergrond-in-kaart.pdf. Ibid. See www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2018/46/half-of-refugee-households-at-risk-of-poverty. City of Amsterdam, “Discrimination in the labour market in Amsterdam: factsheet” (October 2019), p. 5. Ibid. Ibid. p. 4. See https://longreads.cbs.nl/integratie-2018/onderwijs/ (in Dutch). Ibid. 15