the Naqab Bedouin (about 90,000 people) resides in some 37 villages, which the State of Israel refuses to recognize or to include in regional and municipal zoning and planning. The refusal to recognize Bedouin villages outside of the townships is accompanied by efforts to make life in the unrecognized villages unbearable. This includes a broad array of enforcement methods such as fines and house demolitions sanctioned by Israeli housing and construction laws regarding “illegal” building; refusal to provide essential services, including health, education and welfare services; as well as refusal to connect the villages to water utilities and to the electricity grid. It should be noted that these villages were established in the 1950's, when Israel forcibly resettled Bedouin populations from their traditional ancestral territories (which they either owned or controlled) to a defined smaller area referred to as the Siyag or “restricted area”, which is known for its low agricultural fertility. Up until 1966, Bedouin citizens as well as all of the state's Israeli-Arab citizens lived under a state of martial law, which severely curtailed their freedom of movement as well as other basic human rights. Many displaced Bedouin, were prevented from returning to their lands. The resettlement of the indigenous Bedouin population was carried out without their informed consent or agreement, and the new areas where they were settled neither were recognized as legitimate villages nor were they included in regional planning maps. The state provided no monetary compensation to the displaced, as required under international law. In these early years of the state, most of the legislation was enacted that would transfer these lands from the control of the Arab population for the use of the Jewish majority population. One of the most severe consequences of the lack of recognition granted to Bedouin villages is that the State of Israel metes out its educational and healthcare resources so sparingly there. Because the villages are unrecognized, they do not appear in regional planning maps, nor are there any zoning plans for the villages that would enable the receipt of a building permit. The upshot is that all construction work in these villages is illegal, including the building of schools and medical clinics. District Outline Plan does arrange building permits for some educational and healthcare institutions, but it limits these permits to only 16 of the unrecognized villages, and consequently, the Ministries of Education and Health do not build