E/2018/43 E/C.19/2018/11 5. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples recognizes the right of indigenous peoples to self-determination (arts. 3–4), their collective rights to own and control their lands and resources (arts. 25–27), their right to free, prior and informed consent in relation to legislation, measures and projects that may have an impact on their rights (arts. 10–11, 19, 28–29 and 32) and their right to participate in decision-making processes (arts. 5, 18 and 27). These rights are further enshrined in the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169) of the International Labour Organization and in expanding jurisprudence developed by human rights treaty bodies, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights. 6. Positive developments have been achieved in setting international human rights standards for the rights of indigenous peoples to lands, territories and resources, including by regional human rights mechanisms in Africa and the Americas. The Permanent Forum welcomes those developments, including the recent decision of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights in the case of the Ogiek community in Kenya. The Forum encourages indigenous peoples and States to engage further with regional mechanisms and to implement their decisions effectively. 7. A number of States have recognized the collective rights of indigenous peoples to lands, territories and resources through constitutional or legal protection , adjudication, constructive agreements with indigenous peoples or administrative programmes. Countries that have taken steps in that direction include Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Canada, the Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Indonesia, New Zealand (Aotearoa), Norway and the Philippines. In other countries, including Australia, Colombia and the United States of America, tracts of land and/or territories have been set aside for collective indigenous control. The Permanent Forum welcomes this progress, although there remains a wide gap between formal recognition and actual implementation. 8. In countries in which such rights are recognized, they are not fully implemented, or procedures for the implementation of those rights, such as land or resource mapping, demarcation and titling, have often not been completed, suffer significant delays or are shelved. The lack of enforcement of laws, as well as contradictory laws and regulations, frequently results in the de facto denial of the rights accorded to indigenous peoples. The Permanent Forum commends States for recognizing the collective rights of indigenous peoples to lands, territories and resources and at the same time urges them to take immediate steps for the implementation of those rights through programmes for mapping, titling or other actions and legislative reforms. The Forum urges States to report to it by its twentieth session on steps taken in that regard. 9. A majority of States have yet to grant official recognition to indigenous peoples, let alone their collective rights to lands, territories and resources. The Permanent Forum expresses its grave concern about the non-recognition of indigenous peoples, in particular in Africa and Asia, and recommends that States incorporate the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples into national legislation, policies and programmes. 10. The Permanent Forum stresses that ensuring the collective rights of indigenous peoples to lands, territories and resources is not only for their well -being, but also for addressing some of the most pressing global challenges, such as climate change and environmental degradation. Advancing those rights is an effective w ay to protect critical ecosystems, waterways and biological diversity. 11. The Permanent Forum emphasizes that achieving the Sustainable Development Goals is not possible without fulfilling the rights of indigenous peoples to lands, territories and resources. The Forum thus calls upon States to include the recognition of customary rights or tenure of indigenous peoples to their lands and resources under 6/26 18-07701