A/HRC/53/26/Add.3 97. Rohingyas are vulnerable to many human rights violations, given that they have no means to regularize their status or ability to work in the formal sector. In practice, there are no pathways to citizenship. Resettlement options or complementary pathways to admission to third countries are also limited. 98. The Special Rapporteur is concerned that livelihood opportunities within the camps are very limited, increasingly so, given reports of incidents where camp officials dismantled shops in the camps that provided goods and services for the refugees. Around 3,000 such shops were demolished by officials in 2021. 99. In addition, the authorities banned informal community-led schools and have only permitted the teaching of the curriculum of Myanmar to Rohingya children, although without the proper and necessary accreditation in Myanmar. Young learners are thus severely limited in their ability to gain an adequate education, and there are no real prospects for secondary and tertiary education. In December 2021, the banning of informal community-led schools affected around 40,000 students. 100. Freedom of movement has also been hindered, and threats, curfews and harassment at checkpoints are commonly reported. The Special Rapporteur was also informed that children born to Rohingyas are also not issued with official birth certificates, thus creating additional generations of statelessness with no real prospects of living a dignified life. Although there are identification cards issued to Rohingyas, they do not provide legal rights to access to adequate education, employment, freedom of movement or other fundamental human rights. 101. The Special Rapporteur understands that, strictly in the context of repatriation, through the local court in Cox’s Bazar, the Government of Bangladesh began issuing formal birth certificates in December 2022 only to the children of those Rohingya families who had reportedly been verified and cleared by Myanmar for possible return, under the ongoing bilateral negotiations between Bangladesh and Myanmar. However, this benefits a tiny fraction of Rohingya refugee children, and the vast majority of Rohingya children remain without formal birth registration, following the August 2017 influx. 102. The Special Rapporteur notes with concern the reports of abuses and insecurity within the camps. Criminal activities exist in the Rohingya camps, perpetrated by certain groups also responsible for serious human rights violations, thus highlighting the need for a more robust and effective law enforcement system to ensure protection and security for all who live in the camps. Drug trafficking is also commonly reported, with some interlocutors making reference to collusion between criminal groups and the officials overseeing the camps. Some Rohingyas have reportedly been victims of arbitrary arrest, extortion and harassment by members of the armed police battalion who are stationed in the camps. 103. The Special Rapporteur also observed that housing structures in the camps that he visited required attention, given the susceptibility of the camps to the destructive impact of climate change, which has resulted in fire and flooding incidents. He notes with concern that the extremely poor conditions of housing have added to the lingering sense of hopelessness that Rohingyas experience. Given that many of the camps are ring-fenced and extremely congested, space is very limited. The Special Rapporteur understands that there is a willingness from donors to provide funding to support the improvement of housing structures, and he encourages the Government to facilitate the provision of assistance towards improving housing conditions, as this can help to safeguard Rohingyas, not only from climate disasters, but also from other threats, including to their health and security. 104. The Special Rapporteur noted the sense of despair that many Rohingyas he met with were experiencing. Some have tried to leave the camps, only to become victims of trafficking, exploitation, sexual violence and attacks. The desperate situation of Rohingyas has also led to many leaving Bangladesh by sea or by land hoping to reach Malaysia and neighbouring countries. The dangerous boat journeys that they undertake have resulted in a number of deaths at sea. A number have been found in need of food, water or medicine – or deceased – having been stranded in distress at sea for prolonged periods of time. More than 3,500 Rohingyas attempted dangerous sea crossings in the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal in 2022, a fivefold increase over the previous year. 14 GE.23-08750